Consolea

Familia: Cactaceae
Subfamilia: Opuntioideae
Tribus: Opuntieae
Genus:
Accepted Species: C. falcata – C. intermedia – C. macracantha – C. moniliformis – C. picardae – C. rubescens – C. spinosissima – C. testudinis-crus
Disputed Species: C. nashii – C. millspaughii

Consolea Lem., Rev. Hort. [Paris] 174. (1862)

• Type species: Consolea spinosissima Lem., Rev. Hort. [Paris] 174. (1862)

• Homotypic
  • Opuntia sect. Consolea (Lem.) L.D.Benson, Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 46(2): 80. (1974)
    

Note: There is some agreement for the species circumscription across secondary sources. See Hoxey et al. & Piñeyro et al. (2023) for opinions from local flora.

• Lemaire, C. 1862. Revue Horticole, 174.

• Hunt, D. 2016. CITES Cactaceae Checklist, ed. 3: 1–174. PDF. Reference page. 
• Hoxey, P., Gdaniec, A., Hernández, J.D., Guzmán, M., Corniel, W. & Culham, A. 2023. Illustrated checklist of the cacti of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with keys to genera and species. Caribbean Journal of Science 53(2): 85-197. DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v53i2.a3 Reference page. 
• Korotkova, N., Aquino, D., Arias, S., Eggli, U., Franck, A. , Gómez-Hinostrosa, C., Guerrero, P.C., Hernández, H.M., Kohlbecker, A., Köhler, M., Luther, K., Majure, L.C., Müller, A., Metzing, D., Nyffeler, R., Sánchez, D., Schlumpberger, B. & Berendsohn, W.G. 2021. Cactaceae at Caryophyllales. org–a dynamic online species-level taxonomic backbone for the family. Willdenowia 51(2): 251–270. DOI: 10.3372/wi.51.51208 Reference page. 
• Majure, L.C., Barrios, D., Díaz, E., Zumwalde, B.A., Testo, W. & Negrón-Ortíz, V. 2021. Pleistocene aridification underlies the evolutionary history of the Caribbean endemic, insular, giant Consolea (Opuntioideae). American Journal of Botany 108(2): 200–215. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1610 Reference page. 
• Piñeyro, Y.E., Cinea, W. & Majure, L.C. 2023. Towards a Treatment for the Cactus Family (Cactaceae) on Hispaniola: Generic Key, Species Checklist, Nomenclature Assessments and Distribution Notes. Haseltonia 30(1): 67-95. DOI: 10.2985/026.030.0108 Reference page. 

• Govaerts, R. et al. 2025. Consolea in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2025 June 6. Reference page. 
• International Plant Names Index. 2025. Consolea. Published online. Accessed: June 6 2025. Reference page.
• Hassler, M. 2021. Consolea. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Sept. 11. Reference page. 
• Korotkova, N. et al. 2025. Consolea in Cactaceae at Caryophyllales.org. A global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. Published online. Accessed: 2025 June 03. Reference page. 
• Tropicos.org 2025. Consolea. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 11 June 2025. Reference page.
• USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Consolea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

For more multimedia, look at Consolea on Wikimedia Commons.