代える
Japanese
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 代 |
| か Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
Cognate with 変える (kaeru), 替える (kaeru) and 換える (kaeru).
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「代える」
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
代える | かえる | [kàérú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 代えろ | かえろ | [kàéró] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 代えられる | かえられる | [kàérárérú] |
| Causative | 代えさせる | かえさせる | [kàésásérú] |
| Potential | 代えられる | かえられる | [kàérárérú] |
| Volitional | 代えよう | かえよー | [kàéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 代えない | かえない | [kàénáí] |
| Negative perfective | 代えなかった | かえなかった | [kàénáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 代えます | かえます | [kàémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 代えた | かえた | [kàétá] |
| Conjunctive | 代えて | かえて | [kàété] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 代えれば | かえれば | [kàéréꜜbà] |
Verb
代える • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?transitive ichidan (stem 代え (kae), past 代えた (kaeta))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 代える |
| mediopassive | 代わる |
- substitute, use in place of, replace with, replace something with another
- BさんをAさんに代える
- bī-san o ē-san ni kaeru
- Substitute Mr. A for Mr. B
- BさんをAさんに代える
Conjugation
Conjugation of "代える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 代え | かえ | kae | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 代え | かえ | kae | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 代える | かえる | kaeru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 代える | かえる | kaeru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 代えれ | かえれ | kaere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 代えよ¹ 代えろ² |
かえよ¹ かえろ² |
kaeyo¹ kaero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 代えられる | かえられる | kaerareru | |
| Causative | 代えさせる 代えさす |
かえさせる かえさす |
kaesaseru kaesasu | |
| Potential | 代えられる 代えれる³ |
かえられる かえれる³ |
kaerareru kaereru³ | |
| Volitional | 代えよう | かえよう | kaeyō | |
| Negative | 代えない 代えぬ 代えん |
かえない かえぬ かえん |
kaenai kaenu kaen | |
| Negative continuative | 代えず | かえず | kaezu | |
| Formal | 代えます | かえます | kaemasu | |
| Perfective | 代えた | かえた | kaeta | |
| Conjunctive | 代えて | かえて | kaete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 代えれば | かえれば | kaereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Derived terms
- に代えて (ni kaete): in place of…
- 代え (kae): change, alteration, substitute
- 入れ代える (irekaeru): replace, substitute
- 着せ代える (kisekaeru): change clothes on a doll
- 背に腹は代えられない (se ni hara wa kaerarenai), 背に腹は代えられぬ (se ni hara wa kaerarenu): not able to escape an urgent problem without making some sacrifice
Related terms
References
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN