吉靈仔
Chinese
| Indian | minutely; young; duty minutely; young; duty; responsibility | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (吉靈仔) | 吉靈 | 仔 | |
| simp. (吉灵仔) | 吉灵 | 仔 | |
| alternative forms | 吉寧仔／吉宁仔 吉零仔 | ||
Etymology
Derived from Sanskrit कलिङ्ग (kaliṅga), via Malay Keling. Compare Teochew 吉靈囝 / 吉灵囝 (gig4 lêng5 gian2) and Singapore Hokkien 吉靈囝 / 吉灵囝 (Kiat-lêng-kiáⁿ / Kit-lêng-kiáⁿ / Kè-lêng-kiáⁿ / Kì-lêng-kiáⁿ).
Pronunciation
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kiat-lêng-á / Kit-lêng-á / Kè-lêng-á / Kì-lêng-á
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Penang, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kiat-lêng-á
- Tâi-lô: Kiat-lîng-á
- Phofsit Daibuun: kiatleng'ar
- IPA (Penang): /kiɛt̚³⁻⁴ leŋ²³⁻²¹ a⁴⁴⁵/
- IPA (Singapore): /kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ a⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kit-lêng-á
- Tâi-lô: Kit-lîng-á
- Phofsit Daibuun: kitleng'ar
- IPA (Singapore): /kit̚³²⁻⁴ leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ a⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kè-lêng-á
- Tâi-lô: Kè-lîng-á
- Phofsit Daibuun: kealeng'ar
- IPA (Singapore): /ke²¹⁻⁴² leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ a⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kì-lêng-á
- Tâi-lô: Kì-lîng-á
- Phofsit Daibuun: kieleng'ar
- IPA (Singapore): /ki²¹⁻⁴² leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ a⁴²/
- (Hokkien: Penang, Singapore)
Noun
吉靈仔
- (Malaysian and Singapore Hokkien, derogatory) Indian person
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 印度人 (“Indian person”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 印度人 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 印度人 |
| Singapore | 印度人 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 阿差 †, 摩囉差 † |
| Hong Kong | 印度人, 印度佬, 阿差 †, 摩囉差 †, 阿星 † | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 吉靈人 † | |
| Ipoh (Guangfu) | 印度人 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 印度人, 吉靈人 † | |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 印度人 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 印度人 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 印度人 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 印度人 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 印度人 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 印度人 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 印度人 | |
| Hong Kong | 摩囉差 † | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 吉靈人 † | |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 印度番仔 † |
| Yilan | 烏番仔 † | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 印度仔 | |
| Taichung | 烏印度仔 † | |
| Taichung (Wuqi) | 烏肚番仔 † | |
| Tainan | 烏肚番仔 † | |
| Taitung | 印度仔 | |
| Hsinchu | 烏儂 † | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 印度儂 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 吉靈仔 † | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 印度儂, 吉靈仔 †, 吉靈囝 †, ah neh †, ah pu neh neh † | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 印度仔, 印度儂 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 吉靈囝 † | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 印度儂, ah neh †, apooneh †, 吉靈囝 † | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 吉靈囝 † | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 印度人, 阿三 †, 紅頭阿三 † |
| Note | † - derogatory/disrespectful/ethnic slur | |