善知識

Chinese

		good	friendship, acquaintance
trad. (善知識)		善	知識
simp. (善知识)		善	知识

Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit कल्याणमित्र (kalyāṇamitra) or calque of Pali kalyāṇa mittatā.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shànzhīshí, shànzhīshì

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ ㄓㄕˊ, ㄕㄢˋ ㄓㄕˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shànzhīshí
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ ㄓㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shànjhihshíh
  - Wade–Giles: shan⁴-chih¹-shih²
  - Yale: shàn-jr̄-shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shannjyshyr
  - Palladius: шаньчжиши (šanʹčžiši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shànzhīshì
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ ㄓㄕˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shànjhihshìh
  - Wade–Giles: shan⁴-chih¹-shih⁴
  - Yale: shàn-jr̄-shr̀
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shannjyshyh
  - Palladius: шаньчжиши (šanʹčžiši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: dzyenX trje syik

Rime
Character	善	知	識
Reading #	1/1	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	知 (9)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)	支 (11)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	常演切	陟移切	賞職切
Baxter	dzyenX	trje	syik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn^X/	/ʈiᴇ/	/ɕɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn^X/	/ʈiɛ/	/ɕɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn^X/	/ȶjɛ/	/ɕiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian^X/	/ʈiə̆/	/ɕik̚/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn^X/	/ȶie/	/ɕiək̚/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn^X/	/ȶǐe/	/ɕĭək̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn^X/	/ȶie̯/	/ɕi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shàn	zhī	shi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sin⁶	zi¹	sik¹

Noun

善知識

(Buddhism) kalyāṇa mittatā; friendship in virtue
- 善知識者是全梵行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  善知识者是全梵行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 710, Yijing, translator. Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (《根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事》), ch. 38
  Shànzhīshí zhě shì quán fàn xíng. [Pinyin]
  Virtuous friendship is the entirety of the Buddhist way of life.
(Buddhism) virtuous friend; virtuous person