堂堂

Chinese

		(main) hall; large room	(main) hall; large room
simp. and trad. (堂堂)		堂	堂

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tángtáng

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄤˊ ㄊㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tong⁴ tong⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tông-tông

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tángtáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄤˊ ㄊㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tángtáng
  - Wade–Giles: tʻang²-tʻang²
  - Yale: táng-táng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tarngtarng
  - Palladius: тантан (tantan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɑŋ³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tong⁴ tong⁴
  - Yale: tòhng tòhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tong⁴ tong⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: tong⁴ tong⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔːŋ²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tông-tông
  - Tâi-lô: tông-tông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dongdoong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ¹³⁻²² tɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: dang dang

Rime
Character	堂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒郎切
Baxter	dang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/dɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/dɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/dɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/daŋ/
Li Rong	/dɑŋ/
Wang Li	/dɑŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	táng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tong⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤaŋ [d]ˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*daːŋ daːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	táng
Middle Chinese	‹ dang ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁaŋ/
English	hall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堂
Reading #	1/1
No.	11138
Phonetic component	尚
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	唐
Old Chinese	/*daːŋ/

Adjective

堂堂

(literary) imposing; magnificent; majestic; stately
(literary) grave; solemn; dignified
- 將來你長大時，
  莫忘了我怎樣教訓兒子：
  我要你做一個堂堂的人，
  不要你做我的孝順兒子。 [MSC, trad.]
  将来你长大时，
  莫忘了我怎样教训儿子：
  我要你做一个堂堂的人，
  不要你做我的孝顺儿子。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: June 1919; 胡適 Hu Shih; 我的兒子
  Jiānglái nǐ zhǎngdà shí,
  Mò wàng le wǒ zěnyàng jiàoxùn érzi:
  Wǒ yào nǐ zuò yīge tángtáng de rén,
  Bù yào nǐ zuò wǒ de xiàoshùn érzi. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(literary) powerful; strong
(literary) ambitious

Derived terms

一貌堂堂
亮堂堂
堂堂正正 (tángtángzhèngzhèng)
堂堂皇皇
正正之旗，堂堂之陳 / 正正之旗，堂堂之陈
正正堂堂
相貌堂堂 (xiàngmàotángtáng)
風采堂堂

Japanese

Kanji in this term
堂	堂
どう Grade: 5	どう Grade: 5
goon

Alternative spelling
堂々

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 堂堂 (MC dang dang). First cited in Japanese in the late 1100s.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) どーどー [dòódóó] (Heiban – [0])^[2]^[3]^[4]
(Tokyo) どーどー [dòódóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [do̞ːdo̞ː]

Adjective

堂(どう)堂(どう) • (dōdō) ^{←だうだう (daudau)^?}^†-tari (adnominal 堂(どう)堂(どう)とした (dōdō to shita) or 堂(どう)堂(どう)たる (dōdō taru), adverbial 堂(どう)堂(どう)と (dōdō to) or 堂(どう)堂(どう)として (dōdō to shite))

[from late 1100s] magnificent, grand, bold, impressive, majestic, imposing, dignified, stately
堂々(どうどう)たる大聖堂(だいせいどう)の外観(がいかん)
dōdōtaru daiseidō no gaikan
the exterior of the grand cathedral
[from 1906] proud, fair, square, open, unreserved, hiding nothing

Usage notes

As an adjective, this takes the たる (taru) attributive ending, as shown in the usage examples.

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "堂堂たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	堂堂たら	だうだうたら	daudautara
Continuative (連用形)	堂堂と^[1] 堂堂たり^[2]	だうだうとだうだうたり	daudauto daudautari
Terminal (終止形)	堂堂たり	だうだうたり	daudautari
Attributive (連体形)	堂堂たる	だうだうたる	daudautaru
Realis (已然形)	堂堂たれ	だうだうたれ	daudautare
Imperative (命令形)	堂堂たれ	だうだうたれ	daudautare
Key constructions
Negative	堂堂たらず	だうだうたらず	daudautarazu
Contrasting conjunction	堂堂たれど	だうだうたれど	daudautaredo
Causal conjunction	堂堂たれば	だうだうたれば	daudautareba
Conditional conjunction	堂堂たらば	だうだうたらば	daudautaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	堂堂たりき	だうだうたりき	daudautariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	堂堂たりけり	だうだうたりけり	daudautarikeri
Adverbial	堂堂と	だうだうと	daudauto
^[1]Without auxiliary verb. ^[2]With auxiliary verb.

Adverb

堂(どう)堂(どう) • (dōdō) ^{←だうだう (daudau)^?}

[from late 1100s] magnificently, grandly, boldly, impressively, majesticly, imposingly, in a dignified or stately manner
その老人(ろうじん)は堂々(どうどう)とした顔(かお)つきをしていた。
Sono rōjin wa dōdō to shita kaotsuki o shite ita.
The old man had a noble countenance.

彼(かれ)はその式典(しきてん)で堂々(どうどう)と振(ふ)る舞(ま)った。
Kare wa sono shikiten de dōdō to furumatta.
He bore himself well at the ceremony.

堂々(どうどう)としなさい。
Dōdō to shinasai.
Walk tall, son.
[from 1906] proudly, fairly, squarely, openly, unreservedly, without apology, without hesitation, hiding nothing

Usage notes

As an adverb, this takes the adverbial particle と (to), as shown in the usage examples.

References

^ “堂堂”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

EDICT and KANJIDIC dictionary files. Electronic Dictionaries Research Group. Used in accordance with the group's license.
Michael Panzera (6 March 2010 (last accessed)) “List of -Taru Adjectives”, in Blastitwonner: Law and Language in Japan‎^[2]

[KDJ2-1] “堂堂”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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