| kindhearted; place name | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (堥敦) |
堥 | 敦 | |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 堥 | 堥 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 2/4 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 尤 (136) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III | I |
| Fanqie | 莫袍切 | 莫浮切 | 都昆切 |
| Baxter | maw | mjuw | twon |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/mɑu/ | /mɨu/ | /tuən/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/mɑu/ | /miu/ | /tuon/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/mɑu/ | /miəu/ | /tuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/maw/ | /muw/ | /twən/ |
| Li Rong |
/mɑu/ | /miu/ | /tuən/ |
| Wang Li |
/mɑu/ | /mĭəu/ | /tuən/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren |
/mɑu/ | /mi̯ə̯u/ | /tuən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
máo | móu | dūn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
mou4 | mau4 | deon1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 敦 | 敦 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
duī | dūn | dūn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ twoj › | ‹ twon › | ‹ twon › |
| Old Chinese |
/*tˁur/ (dialect: *-r > *-j) | /*tˁur/ | /*tˁur/ |
| English | manage, direct | solid, thick | 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 堥 | 敦 | 敦 | 敦 | 敦 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 8820 | 2587 | 2594 | 2597 | 2602 |
| Phonetic component |
矛 | 敦 | 敦 | 敦 | 敦 |
| Rime group |
幽 | 微 | 元 | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
謀 | 磓 | 團 | 敦 | 頓 |
| Old Chinese |
/*mu/ | /*tuːl/ | /*doːn/ | /*tuːn/ | /*tuːns/ |
| Notes | 見班固答賓戲 | ||||
堥敦