帰化
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 帰 | 化 |
| き Grade: 2 |
か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 歸化 (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
帰 (ki, “to submit to”) + 化 (-ka, “-ize”)
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きか [k
íꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2][3] - (Tokyo) きか [k
ìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2][3] non-lexical pitch that some speakers employ to reconcile coinciding devoicing and accenting - IPA(key): [kʲi̥ka̠]
Noun
- the process of taking citizenship in a foreign country; naturalization
Derived terms
- 帰化人 (kikajin)
Verb
帰化する • (kika suru) intransitive suru (stem 帰化し (kika shi), past 帰化した (kika shita))
- to naturalize
Conjugation
Conjugation of "帰化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 帰化し | きかし | kika shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 帰化し | きかし | kika shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 帰化する | きかする | kika suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 帰化する | きかする | kika suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 帰化すれ | きかすれ | kika sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 帰化せよ¹ 帰化しろ² |
きかせよ¹ きかしろ² |
kika seyo¹ kika shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 帰化される | きかされる | kika sareru | |
| Causative | 帰化させる 帰化さす |
きかさせる きかさす |
kika saseru kika sasu | |
| Potential | 帰化できる | きかできる | kika dekiru | |
| Volitional | 帰化しよう | きかしよう | kika shiyō | |
| Negative | 帰化しない | きかしない | kika shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 帰化せず | きかせず | kika sezu | |
| Formal | 帰化します | きかします | kika shimasu | |
| Perfective | 帰化した | きかした | kika shita | |
| Conjunctive | 帰化して | きかして | kika shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 帰化すれば | きかすれば | kika sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN