弧

弧	U+5F27, 弧 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F27

← 弦
[U+5F26]

CJK Unified Ideographs

弨 →
[U+5F28]

Translingual

Han character

弧 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+5 in Chinese, 弓+6 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓竹女人 (NHVO) or 弓竹戈人 (NHIO), four-corner 1223₀, composition ⿰弓瓜)

Derived characters

𥏩, 𥮰

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 357, character 34
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9757
Dae Jaweon: page 674, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 993, character 3
Unihan data for U+5F27

Chinese

trad.		弧
simp. ^#		弧

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (瓜) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
瓜	*kʷraː
坬	*kʷraːs
窊	qʷraː, qʷraːs
畖	*qʷraː
搲	*qʷraːs
攨	*qʷraːs
孤	*kʷaː
苽	*kʷaː
胍	*kʷaː
泒	*kʷaː
呱	*kʷaː
觚	*kʷaː
柧	*kʷaː
罛	*kʷaː
軱	*kʷaː
菰	*kʷaː
箛	*kʷaː
狐	*ɡʷaː
弧	*ɡʷlaː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷlaː): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː). It refers to a bow made of wood, and by extension, expresses the idea of bending like a bow.^[1]

References

^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hú (hu²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wu⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fù

(Hailu, HRS): fu
Eastern Min (BUC): hù
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hou² / ou²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hô͘ / ô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): hu⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶wu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hú
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hú
  - Wade–Giles: hu²
  - Yale: hú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwu
  - Palladius: ху (xu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: wu⁴
  - Yale: wùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wu⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fù
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu²
  - Sinological IPA: /fu¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu
  - Sinological IPA: /fu⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hou²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: hó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: hou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔu²⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ou²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔu¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔu²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /hɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ²³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ¹³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô͘
  - Tâi-lô: ôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: oo
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɔ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɔ²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hu⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hû
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶wu
  - MiniDict: wu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²³/

Middle Chinese: hu

Rime
Character	弧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	戸吳切
Baxter	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/ɣu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wu⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ʷˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷlaː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	弧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hú
Middle Chinese	‹ hu ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ʷˁa/
English	bow; bend, curved
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	弧
Reading #	1/1
No.	4359
Phonetic component	瓜
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	胡
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷlaː/

Definitions

弧

wooden bow
arc, crescent

Compounds

優弧 / 优弧
共軛弧 / 共轭弧
劣弧
反射弧 (fǎnshèhú)
圓弧 / 圆弧 (yuánhú)
大括弧
島弧 / 岛弧 (dǎohú)
弧光 (húguāng)
弧光燈 / 弧光灯
弧光譜 / 弧光谱
弧帨齊輝 / 弧帨齐辉
弧度 (húdù)
弧形 (húxíng)
弧放電 / 弧放电
弧紋 / 弧纹
弧線 / 弧线 (húxiàn)
弧菌 (hújūn)
弧角
懸弧 / 悬弧
懸弧之慶 / 悬弧之庆
括弧 (kuòhú)
桃弧棘矢
桑弧蓬矢
蝥弧 (máohú)
設弧 / 设弧
霍亂弧菌 / 霍乱弧菌 (huòluàn hújūn)

Japanese

Kanji

弧

(Jōyō kanji)

arc

Readings

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
Kun: きゆみ (kiyumi, 弧)

Compounds

円弧(えんこ) (enko)
括弧(かっこ) (kakko)
共役弧(きょうやくこ) (kyōyakuko)
弧光(ここう) (kokō): arc light
弧状(こじょう) (kojō)
弧線(こせん) (kosen)
弧度(こど) (kodo): radian
桑弧(そうこ) (sōko)
直弧文(ちょっこもん) (chokkomon)
島弧(とうこ) (tōko)
電弧(でんこ) (denko): arc (electric discharge)
優弧(ゆうこ) (yūko)
琉球弧(りゅうきゅうこ) (ryūkyūko)
劣弧(れっこ) (rekko)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
弧
こ Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 孤 (hu, “arc”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こ [kóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞]

Noun

弧(こ) • (ko)

arc

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

弧 • (ho) (hangeul 호, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

弧: Hán Nôm readings: hồ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

[1] Digital Shinjigen 2017

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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