形而下
Chinese
to appear; to look; form to appear; to look; form; shape |
and; as well as; but (not) and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast) |
under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (形而下) |
形 | 而 | 下 | |
Etymology
From I Ching (translated by Adler, 2020[1]):
- 是故，形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
- Shìgù, xíng ér shàng zhě wèi zhī dào, xíng ér xià zhě wèi zhī qì. [Pinyin]
- Therefore what is above form [metaphysical] is called the Way; what is within form [concrete] is called implements.
是故，形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Pinyin): xíng'érxià
- (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄦˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xíng'érxià
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄦˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: síng-érsià
- Wade–Giles: hsing2-êrh2-hsia4
- Yale: syíng-ér-syà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyngerlshiah
- Palladius: синъэрся (sinʺersja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiŋ³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Noun
形而下
- (philosophy) physical or material things
Antonyms
- 形而上 (xíng'érshàng)
References
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 形 | 而 | 下 |
| けい Grade: 2 |
じ Jinmeiyō |
か Grade: 1 |
| kan'on | ||
Etymology
Coined by Japanese philosopher Inoue Tetsujirō in 1881 in his work 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Dictionary of Philosophy”) as a translation of English concrete, based on the phrase 形而下者、謂之器 in the Book of Changes (《易經》).[1][2][3][4]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) けーじか [kèéjíꜜkà] (Nakadaka – [3])[2][5]
- (Tokyo) けーじか [kèéjíká] (Heiban – [0])[2][6][5]
- IPA(key): [ke̞ːʑika̠]
Noun
形而下 • (keijika)
- (philosophy) physical, material
- Antonym: 形而上 (keijijō)
References
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “形而下”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Inoue, Tetsujirō (1881) 哲学字彙 [Dictionary of Philosophy][2], University of Tokyo, page 1
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
| Hanja in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 形 | 而 | 下 |
Noun
形而下 • (hyeong'iha) (hangeul 형이하)
- hanja form? of 형이하