柔然

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (柔然)		柔	然
simp. ^#(柔然)		柔	然

Etymology

Borrowed from Rouran.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Róurán

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴ jin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Róurán
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Róurán
  - Wade–Giles: Jou²-jan²
  - Yale: Róu-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Rouran
  - Palladius: Жоужань (Žoužanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jau⁴ jin⁴
  - Yale: yàuh yìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴ jin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴ yin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹ jiːn²¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    柔然
    油然
    蚰蜒

Middle Chinese: nyuw nyen

Rime
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	耳由切	如延切
Baxter	nyuw	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨu/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiu/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiəu/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵuw/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/ȵiu/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭəu/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ə̯u/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	róu	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau⁴	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nu [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*mlju njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róu	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ nyuw ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*nu/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	soft	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	柔	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	8825	10756
Phonetic component	矛	肰
Rime group	幽	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	柔	然
Old Chinese	/*mlju/	/*njen/

Proper noun

柔然

(historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
(historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

Synonyms

檀檀 (Tántán)
皇芮 (Huángruì)
芮芮 (Ruìruì)
茹茹 (Rúrú)
蝚蠕 (Róurú)
蠕蠕 (Ruǎnruǎn)

Descendants

→ English: Rouran
→ Turkish: Cücen

Japanese

Kanji in this term
柔	然
じゅう Grade: S	ぜん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨːzẽ̞ɴ]

Proper noun

柔(じゅう)然(ぜん) • (Jūzen)

(historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
(historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

Korean

Hanja in this term
柔	然

Proper noun

柔然 • (Yuyeon) (hangeul 유연)

hanja form^? of 유연 (“Rouran”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
柔	然

Proper noun

柔然

chữ Hán form of Nhu Nhiên (“Rouran”)