浩然

Chinese

		grand; vast (water)	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (浩然)		浩	然
simp. ^#(浩然)		浩	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hàorán

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄠˋ ㄖㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hou⁶ jin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hàorán
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˋ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hàorán
  - Wade–Giles: hao⁴-jan²
  - Yale: hàu-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hawran
  - Palladius: хаожань (xaožanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    浩然
    昊然
    皓然
    晧然
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hou⁶ jin⁴
  - Yale: houh yìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hou⁶ jin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hou⁶ yin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hou̯²² jiːn²¹/

Middle Chinese: hawX nyen

Rime
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	胡老切	如延切
Baxter	hawX	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑu^X/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑu^X/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑu^X/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaw^X/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/ɣɑu^X/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/ɣɑu^X/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑu^X/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hào	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hou⁶	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤuʔ [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːʔ njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hào	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ haw^X ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁuʔ/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	vast	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	浩	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	3810	10756
Phonetic component	告	肰
Rime group	幽	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	晧	然
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːʔ/	/*njen/

Adjective

浩然

(literary) grand; vast
(literary) overwhelming; great
(literary) upright and principled
- 我善養吾浩然之氣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  我善养吾浩然之气。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wǒ shàn yǎng wú hàorán zhī qì. [Pinyin]
  I am skilful in nourishing my vast, flowing passion-nature.

Synonyms

(grand): (literary) 皓然 (hàorán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (浩然):

→ Japanese: 浩然(こうぜん) (kōzen)
→ Korean: 호연(浩然) (hoyeon)
→ Vietnamese: hạo nhiên (浩然)