烏桓

See also: 乌桓

Chinese

		a crow; black; not a crow; black; not; empty; void	surname; Sapindus mukurosi
trad. (烏桓)		烏	桓
simp. (乌桓)		乌	桓
alternative forms		烏丸／乌丸

Etymology

“an ancient ethnic group”: Pulleyblank (1991b) suggested that this term is possibly related to Avars (Etymology 2) according to his reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciation.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Wūhuán

(Zhuyin): ㄨㄏㄨㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wu¹ wun⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Wūhuán
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄏㄨㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Wuhuán
  - Wade–Giles: Wu¹-huan²
  - Yale: Wū-hwán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Uhwan
  - Palladius: Ухуань (Uxuanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /u⁵⁵ xu̯än³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wu¹ wun⁴
  - Yale: wū wùhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wu¹ wun⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wu¹ wun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wuː⁵⁵ wuːn²¹/

Middle Chinese: 'u hwan

Rime
Character	烏	桓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	桓 (62)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	哀都切	胡官切
Baxter	'u	hwan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔuo/	/ɦuɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔuo/	/ɦʷɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔo/	/ɣuɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔɔ/	/ɦwan/
Li Rong	/ʔo/	/ɣuɑn/
Wang Li	/u/	/ɣuɑn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔuo/	/ɣuɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wū	huán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wu¹	wun⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤa ɦʷˤar/

(Zhengzhang): /*qaː ɡʷaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	烏	桓
Reading #	3/3	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wū	huán
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔu ›	‹ hwan ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁa/	/ɦʷˁar/ (< [ɢ]ʷˁar)
English	烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)	烏桓 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	烏	桓
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13077	14004
Phonetic component	烏	亘
Rime group	魚	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	烏	桓
Old Chinese	/*qaː/	/*ɡʷaːn/

Proper noun

烏桓

Wuhuan, an ancient ethnic group in China
(～山), Mount Wuhuan (a mountain in north of Ar Horqin Banner, Inner Mongolia, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
烏	桓
う Jinmeiyō	がん Hyōgai
goon

Alternative forms

烏丸

Etymology

From Chinese 烏桓 / 乌桓 (Wūhuán).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ɡã̠ɴ]

Proper noun

烏(う)桓(がん) • (Ugan) ^{←うぐわん (Ugwan)^?}

Wuhuan, an ancient ethnic group in China

Korean

Hanja in this term
烏	桓

Proper noun

烏桓 • (Ohwan) (hangeul 오환)

hanja form^? of 오환 (“Wuhuan, an ancient ethnic group in China”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
烏	桓

Proper noun

烏桓

chữ Hán form of Ô Hoàn (“Wuhuan, an ancient ethnic group in China”)