焉耆

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (焉耆)		焉	耆
simp. ^#(焉耆)		焉	耆

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Tocharian *Ārke-, name of the historical capital city of the Agneans, which gave rise to the endonym in Tocharian A Ārśi (Adams, 2013; see also Ji, 1998v4). First attested in the Book of Han. In Sanskrit sources, the city's name is conflated with अग्नि (agni, “fire”), which was likely unrelated.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Yānqí

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢㄑㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jin¹ kei⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Yānqí
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢㄑㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Yancí
  - Wade–Giles: Yen¹-chʻi²
  - Yale: Yān-chí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Ianchyi
  - Palladius: Яньци (Janʹci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jin¹ kei⁴
  - Yale: yīn kèih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jin¹ kei⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yin¹ kéi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn⁵⁵ kʰei̯²¹/

Middle Chinese: 'jen gjij

Rime
Character	焉	耆
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於乾切	渠脂切
Baxter	'jen	gjij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠiᴇn/	/ɡiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚiɛn/	/ɡi/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiæn/	/ɡjɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔian/	/gi/
Li Rong	/ʔjɛn/	/ɡi/
Wang Li	/ĭɛn/	/ɡi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ɛn/	/gi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yān	qí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin¹	kei⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔa[n]|[ʔ]a[n] [ɡ]rij/

(Zhengzhang): /*qran ɡri/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	焉	焉	耆
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yān	yān	qí
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjen ›	‹ hjen ›	‹ gij ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔa[n]/	/*[ʔ]a[n]/ (atonic)	/*[ɡ]rij/
English	how	(3p locative pronoun)	old
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	焉	耆
Reading #	1/3	1/1
No.	14227	17332
Phonetic component	焉	旨
Rime group	元	脂
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	焉	鬐
Old Chinese	/*qran/	/*ɡri/

Proper noun

焉耆

(historical) Karashahr
(～回族自治縣, ～縣) Yanqi Hui Autonomous County (a county of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)