生む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 生 |
| う Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 産む |
Etymology
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 720 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
生む • (umu) transitive godan (stem 生み (umi), past 生んだ (unda))
- to give birth to; to bear (a child); (of eggs) to lay; (of fish) to spawn
- to produce (something)
- 美風を生む
- bifū o umu
- produce a good custom
- 銹を生む
- sabi o umu
- produce rust
- 美風を生む
Conjugation
Conjugation of "生む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 生ま | うま | uma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 生み | うみ | umi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 生む | うむ | umu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 生む | うむ | umu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 生め | うめ | ume |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 生め | うめ | ume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 生まれる | うまれる | umareru |
| Causative | 生ませる 生ます |
うませる うます |
umaseru umasu |
| Potential | 生める | うめる | umeru |
| Volitional | 生もう | うもう | umō |
| Negative | 生まない | うまない | umanai |
| Negative continuative | 生まず | うまず | umazu |
| Formal | 生みます | うみます | umimasu |
| Perfective | 生んだ | うんだ | unda |
| Conjunctive | 生んで | うんで | unde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 生めば | うめば | umeba |
Classical conjugation of "生む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 生ま | うま | uma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 生み | うみ | umi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 生む | うむ | umu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 生む | うむ | umu |
| Realis (已然形) | 生め | うめ | ume |
| Imperative (命令形) | 生め | うめ | ume |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 生まず | うまず | umazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 生めど | うめど | umedo |
| Causal conjunction | 生めば | うめば | umeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 生まば | うまば | umaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 生みき | うみき | umiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 生みけり | うみけり | umikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 生みつ | うみつ | umitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 生みぬ | うみぬ | uminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 生めり 生みたり |
うめり うみたり |
umeri umitari |
| Volitional | 生まむ | うまむ | umamu |
Synonyms
Antonyms
Related terms
- 生まれる (umareru)
References
- ^ “産・生”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN