築く
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 築 |
| きず Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 塑 |
From Old Japanese, attested in the Izumo Fudoki completed in 733.[1]
By surface analysis, 杵 (ki, “mallet, pounder, pestle”, from which きね (kine) “pestle” is also derived[2]) + 築く (tsuku, “to build up, to pile up, to amass”, see below),[1][3] for a base sense of “to make something using a pounder or mallet”,[1] much as when building up rammed earth or stonework.
This term as 杵 (ki, “pounder”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) then underwent conflation with, or was reanalysed as, 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) with a basic sense of “to construct”. This latter derivation is given as the only etymology in some references.[4][5][6] However, the “to construct” sense is attested centuries later in 1081.[1] Moreover, the “castle, fortress” sense for the initial ki- element was pronounced in Old Japanese as /ki2/, while the “pounder, mallet” sense was pronounced /ki1/.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「築く」
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
築く | きずく | [kìzúꜜkù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | きずけ | [kìzúꜜkè] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 築かれる | きずかれる | [kìzúkáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 築かせる | きずかせる | [kìzúkáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 築ける | きずける | [kìzúkéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 築こう | きずこー | [kìzúkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 築かない | きずかない | [kìzúkáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 築かなかった | きずかなかった | [kìzúkáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 築きます | きずきます | [kìzúkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 築いた | きずいた | [kìzúꜜìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | きずいて | [kìzúꜜìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | きずけば | [kìzúꜜkèbà] |
Verb
築く • (kizuku) ←きづく (kiduku)?transitive godan (stem 築き (kizuki), past 築いた (kizuita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 築か | きずか | kizuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 築き | きずき | kizuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 築く | きずく | kizuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 築く | きずく | kizuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 築け | きずけ | kizuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 築け | きずけ | kizuke |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 築かれる | きずかれる | kizukareru |
| Causative | 築かせる 築かす |
きずかせる きずかす |
kizukaseru kizukasu |
| Potential | 築ける | きずける | kizukeru |
| Volitional | 築こう | きずこう | kizukō |
| Negative | 築かない | きずかない | kizukanai |
| Negative continuative | 築かず | きずかず | kizukazu |
| Formal | 築きます | きずきます | kizukimasu |
| Perfective | 築いた | きずいた | kizuita |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | きずいて | kizuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | きずけば | kizukeba |
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 築か | きづか | kiduka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 築き | きづき | kiduki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 築く | きづく | kiduku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 築く | きづく | kiduku |
| Realis (已然形) | 築け | きづけ | kiduke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | きづけ | kiduke |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 築かず | きづかず | kidukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 築けど | きづけど | kidukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 築けば | きづけば | kidukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 築かば | きづかば | kidukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 築きき | きづきき | kidukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 築きけり | きづきけり | kidukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 築きつ | きづきつ | kidukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 築きぬ | きづきぬ | kidukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 築けり 築きたり |
きづけり きづきたり |
kidukeri kidukitari |
| Volitional | 築かむ | きづかむ | kidukamu |
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 築 |
| つ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Cognate with Japanese 突く (tsuku).[8][4][5][6]
Verb
築く • (tsuku) transitive godan (stem 築き (tsuki), past 築いた (tsuita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 築か | つか | tsuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 築き | つき | tsuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 築く | つく | tsuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 築く | つく | tsuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 築け | つけ | tsuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 築け | つけ | tsuke |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 築かれる | つかれる | tsukareru |
| Causative | 築かせる 築かす |
つかせる つかす |
tsukaseru tsukasu |
| Potential | 築ける | つける | tsukeru |
| Volitional | 築こう | つこう | tsukō |
| Negative | 築かない | つかない | tsukanai |
| Negative continuative | 築かず | つかず | tsukazu |
| Formal | 築きます | つきます | tsukimasu |
| Perfective | 築いた | ついた | tsuita |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | ついて | tsuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | つけば | tsukeba |
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 築か | つか | tuka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 築き | つき | tuki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 築く | つく | tuku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 築く | つく | tuku |
| Realis (已然形) | 築け | つけ | tuke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | つけ | tuke |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 築かず | つかず | tukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 築けど | つけど | tukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 築けば | つけば | tukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 築かば | つかば | tukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 築きき | つきき | tukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 築きけり | つきけり | tukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 築きつ | つきつ | tukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 築きぬ | つきぬ | tukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 築けり 築きたり |
つけり つきたり |
tukeri tukitari |
| Volitional | 築かむ | つかむ | tukamu |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006