耕耘

Chinese

		to plough; to till	to weed
trad. (耕耘)		耕	耘
simp. ^#(耕耘)		耕	耘

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gēngyún

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄥㄩㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang¹ wan⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâng-yùn
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): keng-ûn

(Teochew, Peng'im): gên¹ ung⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gēngyún
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄥㄩㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gengyún
  - Wade–Giles: kêng¹-yün²
  - Yale: gēng-yún
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gengyun
  - Palladius: гэнъюнь (gɛnʺjunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵ yn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaang¹ wan⁴
  - Yale: gāang wàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaang¹ wan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gang¹ wen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːŋ⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
  - Hakka Romanization System: gang^ˊ iun^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gang¹ yun²
  - Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ i̯un¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
  - Hakka Romanization System: gang^ˊ (r)iun^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gang¹ yun²
  - Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ (j)i̯un¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-ûn
  - Tâi-lô: king-ûn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: keng'uun
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ un²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gên¹ ung⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ ûng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kẽ³³⁻²³ uŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: keang hjun

Rime
Character	耕	耘
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	古莖切	王分切
Baxter	keang	hjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛŋ/	/ɦɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæŋ/	/ɦiun/
Shao Rongfen	/kɐŋ/	/ɣiuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨjŋ/	/ɦun/
Li Rong	/kɛŋ/	/ɣiuən/
Wang Li	/kæŋ/	/ɣĭuən/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kæŋ/	/i̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gēng	yún
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gang¹	wan⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kreːŋ ɢun/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	耕
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gēng
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛng ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁ<r>eŋ/
English	plow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	耕	耘
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	6850	16360
Phonetic component	井	云
Rime group	耕	文
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	耕	雲
Old Chinese	/*kreːŋ/	/*ɢun/
Notes		説文從員

Verb

耕耘

(literally) to plow and weed; to do farm work; to cultivate
(figuratively) to work or study diligently

Derived terms

一分耕耘，一分收穫 / 一分耕耘，一分收获 (yī fēn gēngyún, yī fēn shōuhuò)
耕耘機 / 耕耘机 (gēngyúnjī)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
耕	耘
こう Grade: 5	うん Hyōgai
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 耕耘 (MC keang hjun).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーうん [kòóúń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːɯ̟̃ɴ]

Noun

耕(こう)耘(うん) • (kōun) ^{←かううん (kauun)^?}

plowing and weeding

Verb

耕(こう)耘(うん)する • (kōun suru) ^{←かううん (kauun)^?}suru (stem 耕(こう)耘(うん)し (kōun shi), past 耕(こう)耘(うん)した (kōun shita))

to plow and weed

Conjugation

Conjugation of "耕耘する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	耕耘し	こううんし	kōun shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	耕耘し	こううんし	kōun shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	耕耘する	こううんする	kōun suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	耕耘する	こううんする	kōun suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	耕耘すれ	こううんすれ	kōun sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	耕耘せよ¹ 耕耘しろ²	こううんせよ¹ こううんしろ²	kōun seyo¹ kōun shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	耕耘される	こううんされる	kōun sareru
Causative	耕耘させる耕耘さす	こううんさせるこううんさす	kōun saseru kōun sasu
Potential	耕耘できる	こううんできる	kōun dekiru
Volitional	耕耘しよう	こううんしよう	kōun shiyō
Negative	耕耘しない	こううんしない	kōun shinai
Negative continuative	耕耘せず	こううんせず	kōun sezu
Formal	耕耘します	こううんします	kōun shimasu
Perfective	耕耘した	こううんした	kōun shita
Conjunctive	耕耘して	こううんして	kōun shite
Hypothetical conditional	耕耘すれば	こううんすれば	kōun sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN