芽

芽	U+82BD, 芽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82BD

← 芼
[U+82BC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

芾 →
[U+82BE]

芽	U+2F995, 芽 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F995

← 芳
[U+2F994]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

苦 →
[U+2F996]

Translingual

Han character

芽 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4 in Chinese, 艸+5 in Japanese, 7 strokes in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 廿一女竹 (TMVH), four-corner 4424₁, composition ⿱艹牙)

Derived characters

𫢯, 𠵝, 𡝿

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1021, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30860
Dae Jaweon: page 1480, character 12
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3179, character 13
Unihan data for U+82BD

Unihan data for U+2F995

Chinese

trad.		芽
simp. ^#		芽

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
邪	ljaː, laː
衺	*ljaː
牙	*ŋraː
芽	*ŋraː
齖	ŋraː, ŋraːs
呀	ŋraː, hŋraː
枒	ŋraː, ŋraːs
雅	*ŋraːʔ
厊	*ŋraːʔ
庌	*ŋraːʔ
訝	*ŋraːs
迓	*ŋraːs
砑	*ŋraːs
犽	*ŋraːs
疨	*hŋraː
岈	*hŋraː
谺	*hŋraː
颬	*hŋraː
鴉	*qraː
釾	*laː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋraː): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː).

Etymology

Cognate with 牙 (OC *ŋraː, “tooth”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yá (ya²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yá
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): nga⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngà

(Meixian, Guangdong): nga²
Jin (Wiktionary): nia¹ / ia¹
Eastern Min (BUC): ngà
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gor² / ga²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gê / gêe / gâ

(Teochew, Peng'im): ghê⁵
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶nga; ⁶ya
Xiang
(Changsha, Wiktionary): nga² / ia²

(Loudi, Wiktionary): ngo²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yá
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yá
  - Wade–Giles: ya²
  - Yale: yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
  - Palladius: я (ja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: yá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ia²⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngaa⁴
  - Yale: ngàh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaː²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nga⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngà
  - Hakka Romanization System: nga^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋa¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: nga²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋa¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: nia¹ / ia¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /nia¹¹/, /ia¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngà
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gor²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gó̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɒ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gor²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɒ²⁴/
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ga²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: gá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka¹³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka²⁴/

Note:

gor2 - vernacular;
ga2 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gê
  - Tâi-lô: gê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gee
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡe²³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /ɡe²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêe
  - Tâi-lô: gêe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡɛ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
  - Tâi-lô: gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡa¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡa²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡa²³/

Note:

gê/gêe - vernacular;
gâ - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ghê⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gê
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡe⁵⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶nga; ⁶ya
  - MiniDict: nga^去; ya^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nga; ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋa²³/, /ɦia²³/

Note:

⁶nga - colloquial;
⁶ya - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nga² / ia²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa̠¹³/, /i̯a̠¹³/

Note:

nga2 - vernacular;
ia2 - literary.

(Loudi)
- Wiktionary: ngo²
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔ¹³/

Middle Chinese: ngae

Rime
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五加切
Baxter	ngae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋaɨ/
Li Rong	/ŋa/
Wang Li	/ŋa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngaa⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-ɢˤ<r>a/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæ ›
Old Chinese	/*m-ɢˁ<r>a/
English	shoot, sprout
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
No.	14178
Phonetic component	牙
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	牙
Old Chinese	/*ŋraː/

Definitions

芽

bud; shoot; sprout
bud-shaped thing

Synonyms

(bud): (Hokkien) 穎／颖

Compounds

側芽 / 侧芽
催芽 (cuīyá)
冠芽
出芽 (chūyá)
出芽生殖
吸芽
嫩芽 (nènyá)
幼芽 (yòuyá)
抽芽 (chōuyá)
接芽
摘芽
新芽 (xīnyá)
根芽
海帶芽 / 海带芽 (hǎidàiyá)
滋芽
珠芽
發芽 / 发芽 (fāyá)
白雪黃芽 / 白雪黄芽
肉芽 (ròuyá)
胚芽 (pēiyá)
胞芽
胞芽杯
胚芽米
胚芽鞘
腋芽
芽兒 / 芽儿
芽孢 (yábāo)
芽接法
芽眼
芽茶 (yáchá)
芽菜 (yácài, “bean sprout”)
芽豆 (yádòu)
芽韭
芽體 / 芽体
茶芽 (cháyá)
萌芽 (méngyá)
葉芽 / 叶芽 (yèyá)
裸芽
豆芽 (dòuyá)
豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
防芽遏萌
雷芽
麥芽 / 麦芽 (màiyá)
麥芽糖 / 麦芽糖 (màiyátáng)
黃芽 / 黄芽
黃豆芽 / 黄豆芽 (huángdòuyá)

References

“芽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	芽
Kyūjitai ^[1]	芽 `芽` or 芽+`︀`^?
	芽󠄀 芽+`󠄀`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	芽󠄄 芽+`󠄄`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

芽

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

bud, sprout, shoot

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
Kun: め (me, 芽, Jōyō)、きざし (kizashi, 芽し)、きざす (kizasu, 芽す)、めぐむ (megumu, 芽む)
Nanori: め (me)、めい (mei)

Compounds

嫩(どん)芽(が) (donga): young shoot
麦(ばく)芽(が) (bakuga): malt
木(き)の芽(め) (kinome): leaves of Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) used as condiment

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
芽
め Grade: 4
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 芽 – see the following entry.

【め】	[noun] [from 712] bud, sprout, shoot [noun] [from 1922] the germ of an idea, an inkling [noun] [date unknown] (biology) a bird embryo: more specifically, as found on the yolk of an egg, the blastodisk, the germinal disk, the embryonic disk

(This term, 芽, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
芽
が Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 芽 (MC ngae).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɡa̠]

Affix

芽(が) • (ga)

bud; sprout; shoot

References

^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1805 (paper), page 954 (digital)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [a̠]
Phonetic hangul: [아]

Hanja

Wikisource

芽 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Tày

Noun

芽 (transliteration needed)

Nôm form of nhả (“grass”).

References

Dương Nhật Thanh, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎^[2] (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Vietnamese

Han character

芽: Hán Nôm readings: nha

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1805 (paper), page 954 (digital)

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