苦悶
See also: 苦闷
Chinese
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful |
melancholy; smother; stuffy | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (苦悶) | 苦 | 悶 | |
| simp. (苦闷) | 苦 | 闷 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fu2 mun6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-mun
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-būn
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: kǔmèn
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄇㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǔmèn
- Wade–Giles: kʻu3-mên4
- Yale: kǔ-mèn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuumenn
- Palladius: кумэнь (kumɛnʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: fu2 mun6
- Yale: fú muhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: fu2 mun6
- Guangdong Romanization: fu2 mun6
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuː³⁵ muːn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-mun
- Hakka Romanization System: kuˋ mun
- Hagfa Pinyim: ku3 mun4
- Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ mun⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-būn
- Tâi-lô: khóo-būn
- Phofsit Daibuun: qofbun
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bun⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bun³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bun³³/
- (Hokkien)
Adjective
苦悶
Synonyms
- 低沉 (dīchén)
- 低落 (dīluò)
- 冷館 / 冷馆 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 喪氣 / 丧气
- 壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
- 失望 (shīwàng)
- 失落 (shīluò)
- 寡歡 / 寡欢 (guǎhuān)
- 幽鬱 / 幽郁 (yōuyù) (archaic)
- 悒鬱 / 悒郁 (yìyù) (literary)
- 悒鬱寡歡 / 悒郁寡欢 (yìyùguǎhuān)
- 愁悶 / 愁闷 (chóumèn)
- 憂悶 / 忧闷 (yōumèn)
- 慘沮 / 惨沮 (cǎnjǔ) (literary)
- 憂鬱 / 忧郁 (yōuyù)
- 憋悶 / 憋闷
- 懊喪 / 懊丧 (àosàng)
- 抑鬱 / 抑郁 (yìyù)
- 沉悶 / 沉闷 (chénmèn)
- 沉抑 (chényì)
- 沉鬱 / 沉郁 (chényù) (literary)
- 沮喪 / 沮丧 (jǔsàng)
- 消極 / 消极 (xiāojí)
- 消沉 (xiāochén)
- 灰 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
- 灰心 (huīxīn)
- 灰心喪氣 / 灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
- 煩悶 / 烦闷 (fánmèn)
- 神傷 / 神伤 (shénshāng) (literary)
- 索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
- 萎靡
- 陰暗 / 阴暗 (yīn'àn)
- 陰沉 / 阴沉 (yīnchén)
- 頹唐 / 颓唐 (tuítáng)
- 頹喪 / 颓丧 (tuísàng)
- 頹廢 / 颓废 (tuífèi)
- 鬱悶 / 郁闷 (yùmèn)
- 鬱鬱 / 郁郁 (yùyù) (literary)
- 鬱鬱不樂 / 郁郁不乐 (yùyùbùlè)
- 鬱鬱寡歡 / 郁郁寡欢 (yùyùguǎhuān)
- 齪嘈 / 龊嘈 (Hokkien)
Antonyms
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 苦 | 悶 |
| く Grade: 3 |
もん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
苦悶 • (kumon)
References
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 苦 | 悶 |
Noun
苦悶 • (gomin) (hangeul 고민)