起伏
Chinese
| to rise; to raise; to get up | conceal (ambush); prostrate; submit | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (起伏) | 起 | 伏 | |
| simp. #(起伏) | 起 | 伏 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: qǐfú
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄈㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cǐfú
- Wade–Giles: chʻi3-fu2
- Yale: chǐ-fú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiifwu
- Palladius: цифу (cifu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hei2 fuk6
- Yale: héi fuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: hei2 fuk9
- Guangdong Romanization: héi2 fug6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hei̯³⁵ fʊk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-ho̍k
- Tâi-lô: khí-ho̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: qy'hok
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔk̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien)
Verb
起伏
- to rise and fall; to move up and down; to undulate; to fluctuate
- 丘陵起伏 ― qiūlíng qǐfú ― a chain of undulating hills
Derived terms
- 綿延起伏 / 绵延起伏
- 起伏不平
- 連綿起伏 / 连绵起伏
- 高低起伏
Noun
起伏
- ups and downs; fluctuations
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 起 | 伏 |
| き Grade: 3 |
ふく Grade: S |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きふく [kìf
úkú] (Heiban – [0])[1] - (Tokyo) きふく [kíꜜf
ùkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1] - IPA(key): [kʲiɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟]
Noun
起伏 • (kifuku)
Derived terms
- 起伏型 (kifuku-gata)
- 起伏式 (kifuku-shiki)
Verb
起伏する • (kifuku suru) suru (stem 起伏し (kifuku shi), past 起伏した (kifuku shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "起伏する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 起伏し | きふくし | kifuku shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 起伏し | きふくし | kifuku shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 起伏する | きふくする | kifuku suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 起伏する | きふくする | kifuku suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 起伏すれ | きふくすれ | kifuku sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 起伏せよ¹ 起伏しろ² |
きふくせよ¹ きふくしろ² |
kifuku seyo¹ kifuku shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 起伏される | きふくされる | kifuku sareru | |
| Causative | 起伏させる 起伏さす |
きふくさせる きふくさす |
kifuku saseru kifuku sasu | |
| Potential | 起伏できる | きふくできる | kifuku dekiru | |
| Volitional | 起伏しよう | きふくしよう | kifuku shiyō | |
| Negative | 起伏しない | きふくしない | kifuku shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 起伏せず | きふくせず | kifuku sezu | |
| Formal | 起伏します | きふくします | kifuku shimasu | |
| Perfective | 起伏した | きふくした | kifuku shita | |
| Conjunctive | 起伏して | きふくして | kifuku shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 起伏すれば | きふくすれば | kifuku sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN