違う

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
違
ちが
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of 道 (chi, “road, way”) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”).[1] The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]

First cited to the Kagerō Nikki of 974,[1] and likely extant earlier given the initial citing in 965 of derived form 違える (chigaeru, “to keep something from happening”)[1]

Similar, but not related, to tagau reading.[2]

Alternative forms

  • 異う

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「違う」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		違う ちがう [chìgáú]
Imperative (命令形) 違え ちがえ [chìgáé]
Key constructions
Passive 違われる ちがわれる [chìgáwárérú]
Causative 違わせる ちがわせる [chìgáwásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 違おう ちがおー [chìgáóꜜò]
Negative 違わない ちがわない [chìgáwánáí]
Negative perfective 違わなかった ちがわなかった [chìgáwánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 違います ちがいます [chìgáímáꜜsù]
Perfective 違った ちがった [chìgáttá]
Conjunctive 違って ちがって [chìgátté]
Hypothetical conditional 違えば ちがえば [chìgáéꜜbà]

Verb

違(ちが)う • (chigau) ←ちがふ (tigafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違(ちが)い (chigai), past 違(ちが)った (chigatta))

Japanese verb pair
active 違(ちが)える
mediopassive 違(ちが)う
  1. to be different; to differ (from something)
  2. another
  3. (in conversation) no, that is wrong / incorrect; that's not how it is
Usage notes

This is used to disagree with someone in conversation like "no", but it is softer than saying "no" in English.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "違う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 違わ ちがわ chigawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 違い ちがい chigai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 違う ちがう chigau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 違う ちがう chigau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 違え ちがえ chigae
Meireikei ("imperative") 違え ちがえ chigae
Key constructions
Passive 違われる ちがわれる chigawareru
Causative 違わせる
違わす 		ちがわせる
ちがわす 		chigawaseru
chigawasu
Potential 違える ちがえる chigaeru
Volitional 違おう ちがおう chigaō
Negative 違わない ちがわない chigawanai
Negative continuative 違わず ちがわず chigawazu
Formal 違います ちがいます chigaimasu
Perfective 違った ちがった chigatta
Conjunctive 違って ちがって chigatte
Hypothetical conditional 違えば ちがえば chigaeba
Classical conjugation of "違ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 違は ちがは tigafa
Continuative (連用形) 違ひ ちがひ tigafi
Terminal (終止形) 違ふ ちがふ tigafu
Attributive (連体形) 違ふ ちがふ tigafu
Realis (已然形) 違へ ちがへ tigafe
Imperative (命令形) 違へ ちがへ tigafe
Key constructions
Negative 違はず ちがはず tigafazu
Contrasting conjunction 違へど ちがへど tigafedo
Causal conjunction 違へば ちがへば tigafeba
Conditional conjunction 違はば ちがはば tigafaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 違ひき ちがひき tigafiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 違ひけり ちがひけり tigafikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 違ひつ ちがひつ tigafitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 違ひぬ ちがひぬ tigafinu
Perfect-continuative tense 違へり
違ひたり		 ちがへり
ちがひたり		 tigaferi
tigafitari
Volitional 違はむ ちがはむ tigafamu
Synonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
違
たが
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Compound of 手 (ta, “hand”, bound form) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).[2]

First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[4]

Verb

違(たが)う • (tagau) ←たがふ (tagafu)?intransitive godan (stem 違(たが)い (tagai), past 違(たが)った (tagatta))

Japanese verb pair
active 違(たが)える
mediopassive 違(たが)う
  1. (dated) be contrary to; go against; defy; disobey; violate (a rule)
    期(き)待(たい)に違(たが)う
    kitai ni tagau
    be contrary to an anticipation
    定(てい)説(せつ)に違(たが)う
    teisetsu ni tagau
    defy a common theory
    規(き)則(そく)に違(たが)う
    kisoku ni tagau
    violate a rule
Conjugation
Conjugation of "違う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 違わ たがわ tagawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 違い たがい tagai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 違う たがう tagau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 違う たがう tagau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 違え たがえ tagae
Meireikei ("imperative") 違え たがえ tagae
Key constructions
Passive 違われる たがわれる tagawareru
Causative 違わせる
違わす 		たがわせる
たがわす 		tagawaseru
tagawasu
Potential 違える たがえる tagaeru
Volitional 違おう たがおう tagaō
Negative 違わない たがわない tagawanai
Negative continuative 違わず たがわず tagawazu
Formal 違います たがいます tagaimasu
Perfective 違った たがった tagatta
Conjunctive 違って たがって tagatte
Hypothetical conditional 違えば たがえば tagaeba
Classical conjugation of "違ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 違は たがは tagafa
Continuative (連用形) 違ひ たがひ tagafi
Terminal (終止形) 違ふ たがふ tagafu
Attributive (連体形) 違ふ たがふ tagafu
Realis (已然形) 違へ たがへ tagafe
Imperative (命令形) 違へ たがへ tagafe
Key constructions
Negative 違はず たがはず tagafazu
Contrasting conjunction 違へど たがへど tagafedo
Causal conjunction 違へば たがへば tagafeba
Conditional conjunction 違はば たがはば tagafaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 違ひき たがひき tagafiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 違ひけり たがひけり tagafikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 違ひつ たがひつ tagafitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 違ひぬ たがひぬ tagafinu
Perfect-continuative tense 違へり
違ひたり		 たがへり
たがひたり		 tagaferi
tagafitari
Volitional 違はむ たがはむ tagafamu
Synonyms
Antonyms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “違・交”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  4. ^ “違”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
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