馬車

See also: 马车

Chinese

	horse; surname	vehicle on land; car; machine vehicle on land; car; machine; to shape with a lathe
trad. (馬車)	馬	車
simp. (马车)	马	车
anagram	車馬／车马

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mǎchē

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄜ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ma³ ce¹

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мачә (mačə, II-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): maa⁵ ce¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): mâ-chhâ

(Hailu, HRS): ma^ˋ cha^ˋ

(Meixian, Guangdong): ma¹ ca¹
Jin (Wiktionary): ma² ce¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): bé-chhia / bée-chhia

(Teochew, Peng'im): bhê² cia¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵mo-tso

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mǎchē
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mǎche
  - Wade–Giles: ma³-chʻê¹
  - Yale: mǎ-chē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maache
  - Palladius: мачэ (mačɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ma³ ce¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: maace
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma⁵³ t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мачә (mačə, II-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ma⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: maa⁵ ce¹
  - Yale: máh chē
  - Cantonese Pinyin: maa⁵ tse¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ma⁵ cé¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /maː¹³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-chhâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: ma^ˊ ca^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ma¹ ca¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰa²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ma^ˋ cha^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /ma⁵³ t͡ʃʰa⁵³/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ma¹ ca¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ma⁴⁴ t͡sʰa⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ma² ce¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ma⁵³ t͡sʰɤ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-chhia
  - Tâi-lô: bé-tshia
  - Phofsit Daibuun: befchiaf
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Singapore): /be⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰia³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-chhia
  - Tâi-lô: bée-tshia
  - IPA (Penang): /bɛ⁴⁴⁵⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰia⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bhê² cia¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bé tshia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /be⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰia³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵mo-tso
  - MiniDict: 'mo^去 tso
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²'mo-tso
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo³³ t͡so⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: maeX tsyhae

Rime
Character	馬	車
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	昌 (24)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	莫下切	尺遮切
Baxter	maeX	tsyhae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠa^X/	/t͡ɕʰia/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚa^X/	/t͡ɕʰia/
Shao Rongfen	/ma^X/	/t͡ɕʰia/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maɨ^X/	/cʰia/
Li Rong	/ma^X/	/t͡ɕʰia/
Wang Li	/ma^X/	/t͡ɕʰĭa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ma^X/	/t͡ɕʰi̯a/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mǎ	chē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	maa⁵	ce¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤraʔ [t.qʰ](r)A/

(Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ kʰlja/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	馬	車
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǎ	chē
Middle Chinese	‹ mæ^X ›	‹ tsyhæ ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁraʔ/	/*[t.qʰ](r)A/
English	horse	chariot
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	馬	車
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	8715	1311
Phonetic component	馬	車
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	馬	車
Old Chinese	/*mraːʔ/	/*kʰlja/

Noun

馬車

(countable) any type of horse-drawn carriage (Classifier: 輛／辆 m; 架 m)
- 凡馬車堅，甲兵利，輕乃重。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, trad.]
  凡马车坚，甲兵利，轻乃重。 [Traditional Chinese poetry, simp.]
  From: The Methods of the Sima, circa 4^th century BCE
  Fán mǎchē jiān, jiǎbīng lì, qīng nǎi zhòng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

馬車夫 / 马车夫 (mǎchēfū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (馬車):

→ Japanese: 馬(ば)車(しゃ) (basha)
→ Korean: 마차(馬車) (macha)

Others:

→ Indonesian: becak
→ Malay: beca

Japanese

Kanji in this term
馬	車
ば Grade: 2	しゃ Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ばしゃ [báꜜshà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ba̠ɕa̠]

Noun

馬(ば)車(しゃ) • (basha)

horse-drawn carriage, horse-drawn wagon, horse-drawn cart

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
馬	車

Noun

馬車 • (macha) (hangeul 마차)

hanja form^? of 마차 (“horse-drawn carriage, horse-drawn wagon, horse-drawn cart”)

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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