Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ankatos
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Closely related to *ankos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to curve, bend”).[1][2]
Adjective
*ankatos
Inflection
| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatos | *ankatou | *ankatoi |
| vocative | *ankate | *ankatou | *ankatoi |
| accusative | *ankatom | *ankatou | *ankatons |
| genitive | *ankatī | *ankatous | *ankatom |
| dative | *ankatūi | *ankatobom | *ankatobos |
| instrumental | *ankatū | *ankatobim | *ankatobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatā | *ankatai | *ankatās |
| vocative | *ankatā | *ankatai | *ankatās |
| accusative | *ankatam | *ankatai | *ankatans |
| genitive | *ankatās | *ankatous | *ankatom |
| dative | *ankatai | *ankatābom | *ankatābos |
| instrumental | *? | *ankatābim | *ankatābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatom | *ankatou | *ankatā |
| vocative | *ankatom | *ankatou | *ankatā |
| accusative | *ankatom | *ankatou | *ankatā |
| genitive | *ankatī | *ankatous | *ankatom |
| dative | *ankatūi | *ankatobom | *ankatobos |
| instrumental | *ankatū | *ankatobim | *ankatobis |
| Declension of the comparative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatyūs | *? | *ankatyoses |
| vocative | *ankatyūs | *? | *ankatyoses |
| accusative | *ankatyosam | *? | *ankatyosans |
| genitive | *ankatisos | *? | *ankatisom |
| dative | *ankatisei | *? | *ankatisbos |
| instrumental | *ankatisī | *? | *ankatisbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatyūs | *? | *ankatyoses |
| vocative | *ankatyūs | *? | *ankatyoses |
| accusative | *ankatyosam | *? | *ankatyosans |
| genitive | *ankatisos | *? | *ankatisom |
| dative | *ankatisei | *? | *ankatisbos |
| instrumental | *ankatisī | *? | *ankatisbis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ankatis | *? | *? |
| vocative | *ankatis | *? | *? |
| accusative | *ankatis | *? | *? |
| genitive | *ankatisos | *? | *ankatisom |
| dative | *ankatisei | *? | *ankatisbos |
| instrumental | *ankatisī | *? | *ankatisbis |
Reconstruction notes
- Due to the apparently wide semantic divergences (and gender) between Gaulish, Welsh and Old Irish, it is difficult to reconstruct a single noun as antecedent to all of them. Reconstructing a base adjective (from which the daughter languages would form separate substantivizations) gets around the gender and semantic problems.
- The Old Irish word's gender is uncertain, but it cannot be feminine.
- Matasović's reconstruction *ankotos is wrong; Middle Welsh angad requires *a as the second vowel, not an *o.
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *ankad f (“hand, grasp”)
- Old Irish: écath (“fish-hook”) (scholarly normalized spelling), ǽcath, écad (attested spellings)
- Gaulish:
- →⇒ Latin: *Ancataria (literally “area at the bend”)
- → Middle High German: Angdayr, Angdair
- German: Angedair (“name of an area in Landeck, Tyrol, Austria”)
- → Middle High German: Angdayr, Angdair
- →⇒ Latin: *Ancataria (literally “area at the bend”)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ankoto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “ancorago”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 45