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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend”).[1]
Verb
*anketi
- to bend
- to be inclined to
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ankū
|
*ankemam
|
*īnxsū
|
*ānka
|
| 2nd singular
|
*ankesi
|
*anketās
|
*īnxsesi
|
*ānkas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*anketi
|
*anketo
|
*īnxseti
|
*ānke
|
| 1st plural
|
*ankomosi
|
*ankemo
|
*īnxsomosi
|
*ānkmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*anketesi
|
*ankestē
|
*īnxsetesi
|
*ānxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ankonti
|
*ankento
|
*īnxsonti
|
*ānkars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*anxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*anxsesi
|
?
|
*anke
|
| 3rd singular
|
*anxseti
|
?
|
*anketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*anxsomosi
|
?
|
*ankomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*anxsetesi
|
?
|
*ankete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*anxsonti
|
?
|
*ankontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*ankūr
|
—
|
*īnxsūr
|
*ānkra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*anketar
|
—
|
*īnxsetar
|
*ānkras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*anketor
|
?
|
*īnxsetor
|
*ānkre
|
| 1st plural
|
*ankommor
|
—
|
*īnxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*ankedwe
|
—
|
*īnxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*ankontor
|
?
|
*īnxsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*anxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*anxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*anxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*anxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*anxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*anxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankonts
|
*ankonte
|
*ankontes
|
| vocative
|
*ankonts
|
*ankonte
|
*ankontes
|
| accusative
|
*ankontam
|
*ankonte
|
*ankontans
|
| genitive
|
*ankantos
|
*?
|
*ankantom
|
| dative
|
*ankantei
|
*ankantbom
|
*ankantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ankantī?
|
*ankantbim
|
*ankantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankantī
|
*ankantī
|
*ankantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*ankantī
|
*ankantī
|
*ankantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*ankantīm
|
*ankantī
|
*ankantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*ankantyās
|
*?
|
*ankantyom
|
| dative
|
*ankantyāi
|
*ankantyābom
|
*ankantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ankantyābim
|
*ankantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankont
|
*?
|
*ankonta
|
| vocative
|
*ankont
|
*?
|
*ankonta
|
| accusative
|
*ankont
|
*?
|
*ankonta
|
| genitive
|
*ankantos
|
*?
|
*ankantom
|
| dative
|
*ankantei
|
*?
|
*ankantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*ankantī?
|
*?
|
*ankantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankomnos
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*ankomne
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*ankomnom
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnons
|
| genitive
|
*ankomnī
|
*ankomnous
|
*ankomnom
|
| dative
|
*ankomnūi
|
*ankomnobom
|
*ankomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ankomnū
|
*ankomnobim
|
*ankomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankomnā
|
*ankomnai
|
*ankomnās
|
| vocative
|
*ankomnā
|
*ankomnai
|
*ankomnās
|
| accusative
|
*ankomnam
|
*ankomnai
|
*ankomnans
|
| genitive
|
*ankomnās
|
*ankomnous
|
*ankomnom
|
| dative
|
*ankomnai
|
*ankomnābom
|
*ankomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*ankomnābim
|
*ankomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*ankomnom
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnā
|
| vocative
|
*ankomnom
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnā
|
| accusative
|
*ankomnom
|
*ankomnou
|
*ankomnā
|
| genitive
|
*ankomnī
|
*ankomnous
|
*ankomnom
|
| dative
|
*ankomnūi
|
*ankomnobom
|
*ankomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*ankomnū
|
*ankomnobim
|
*ankomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*anxtos
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*anxte
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*anxtom
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtons
|
| genitive
|
*anxtī
|
*anxtous
|
*anxtom
|
| dative
|
*anxtūi
|
*anxtobom
|
*anxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*anxtū
|
*anxtobim
|
*anxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*anxtā
|
*anxtai
|
*anxtās
|
| vocative
|
*anxtā
|
*anxtai
|
*anxtās
|
| accusative
|
*anxtam
|
*anxtai
|
*anxtans
|
| genitive
|
*anxtās
|
*anxtous
|
*anxtom
|
| dative
|
*anxtai
|
*anxtābom
|
*anxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*anxtābim
|
*anxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*anxtom
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtā
|
| vocative
|
*anxtom
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtā
|
| accusative
|
*anxtom
|
*anxtou
|
*anxtā
|
| genitive
|
*anxtī
|
*anxtous
|
*anxtom
|
| dative
|
*anxtūi
|
*anxtobom
|
*anxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*anxtū
|
*anxtobim
|
*anxtobis
|
Derived terms
- *dī-anketi (“to flee”)
- Middle Cornish: dyankaf (1sg present)
- Middle Welsh: dieinc (3sg pres)
- *de-uɸo-tri-ānk- (preterite formation)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *ėnkɨd
- Middle Welsh: engi (“to escape, give birth, produce”)
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 207-209