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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ye-ti (sic), from root *h₂erh₃-.[1]
Verb
*aryeti
- to plough/plow
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*aryū
|
*aryemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*aryesi
|
*aryetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*aryeti
|
*aryeto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*aryomosi
|
*aryemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*aryetesi
|
*aryestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*aryonti
|
*aryento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*arasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*arasesi
|
?
|
*arye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*araseti
|
?
|
*aryetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*arasomosi
|
?
|
*aryomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*arasetesi
|
?
|
*aryete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*arasonti
|
?
|
*aryontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*aryūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*aryetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*aryetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*aryommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*aryedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*aryontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*arasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*arasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*arasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*arasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*arasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*arasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryonts
|
*aryonte
|
*aryontes
|
| vocative
|
*aryonts
|
*aryonte
|
*aryontes
|
| accusative
|
*aryontam
|
*aryonte
|
*aryontans
|
| genitive
|
*aryantos
|
*?
|
*aryantom
|
| dative
|
*aryantei
|
*aryantbom
|
*aryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*aryantī?
|
*aryantbim
|
*aryantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryantī
|
*aryantī
|
*aryantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*aryantī
|
*aryantī
|
*aryantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*aryantīm
|
*aryantī
|
*aryantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*aryantyās
|
*?
|
*aryantyom
|
| dative
|
*aryantyāi
|
*aryantyābom
|
*aryantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*aryantyābim
|
*aryantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryont
|
*?
|
*aryonta
|
| vocative
|
*aryont
|
*?
|
*aryonta
|
| accusative
|
*aryont
|
*?
|
*aryonta
|
| genitive
|
*aryantos
|
*?
|
*aryantom
|
| dative
|
*aryantei
|
*?
|
*aryantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*aryantī?
|
*?
|
*aryantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryomnos
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*aryomne
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*aryomnom
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnons
|
| genitive
|
*aryomnī
|
*aryomnous
|
*aryomnom
|
| dative
|
*aryomnūi
|
*aryomnobom
|
*aryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*aryomnū
|
*aryomnobim
|
*aryomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryomnā
|
*aryomnai
|
*aryomnās
|
| vocative
|
*aryomnā
|
*aryomnai
|
*aryomnās
|
| accusative
|
*aryomnam
|
*aryomnai
|
*aryomnans
|
| genitive
|
*aryomnās
|
*aryomnous
|
*aryomnom
|
| dative
|
*aryomnai
|
*aryomnābom
|
*aryomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*aryomnābim
|
*aryomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*aryomnom
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnā
|
| vocative
|
*aryomnom
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnā
|
| accusative
|
*aryomnom
|
*aryomnou
|
*aryomnā
|
| genitive
|
*aryomnī
|
*aryomnous
|
*aryomnom
|
| dative
|
*aryomnūi
|
*aryomnobom
|
*aryomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*aryomnū
|
*aryomnobim
|
*aryomnobis
|
Descendants
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*ar-i̯e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 135, 204f.