Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gleiwos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gliwēną (“to shine, glitter”)^[1] (compare Old Norse gljá), Proto-Germanic *glīmaną (“to shine”) (compare English gleam), Ancient Greek χλιαίνω (khliaínō, “warm”).

Adjective

*gleiwos^[2]

shining, clear, sparkling

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwos	*gleiwou	*gleiwoi
vocative	*gleiwe	*gleiwou	*gleiwoi
accusative	*gleiwom	*gleiwou	*gleiwons
genitive	*gleiwī	*gleiwous	*gleiwom
dative	*gleiwūi	*gleiwobom	*gleiwobos
instrumental	*gleiwū	*gleiwobim	*gleiwobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwā	*gleiwai	*gleiwās
vocative	*gleiwā	*gleiwai	*gleiwās
accusative	*gleiwam	*gleiwai	*gleiwans
genitive	*gleiwās	*gleiwous	*gleiwom
dative	*gleiwai	*gleiwābom	*gleiwābos
instrumental	*?	*gleiwābim	*gleiwābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwom	*gleiwou	*gleiwā
vocative	*gleiwom	*gleiwou	*gleiwā
accusative	*gleiwom	*gleiwou	*gleiwā
genitive	*gleiwī	*gleiwous	*gleiwom
dative	*gleiwūi	*gleiwobom	*gleiwobos
instrumental	*gleiwū	*gleiwobim	*gleiwobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwyūs	*?	*gleiwyoses
vocative	*gleiwyūs	*?	*gleiwyoses
accusative	*gleiwyosam	*?	*gleiwyosans
genitive	*gleiwisos	*?	*gleiwisom
dative	*gleiwisei	*?	*gleiwisbos
instrumental	*gleiwisī	*?	*gleiwisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwyūs	*?	*gleiwyoses
vocative	*gleiwyūs	*?	*gleiwyoses
accusative	*gleiwyosam	*?	*gleiwyosans
genitive	*gleiwisos	*?	*gleiwisom
dative	*gleiwisei	*?	*gleiwisbos
instrumental	*gleiwisī	*?	*gleiwisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gleiwis	*?	*?
vocative	*gleiwis	*?	*?
accusative	*gleiwis	*?	*?
genitive	*gleiwisos	*?	*gleiwisom
dative	*gleiwisei	*?	*gleiwisbos
instrumental	*gleiwisī	*?	*gleiwisbis

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *gluɨw
- Old Breton: gloeu
  - Breton: gloev
- Cornish: gluw
- Old Welsh: gloiu
  - Middle Welsh: gloyw, gloew, gloev
    - Welsh: gloyw^[3]
Old Irish: glé
- Irish: glé
- Scottish Gaelic: glè
→ Latin: Glēvum

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glīwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gloywo-, *glēwi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 161-2
^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gloyw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*glīwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 182

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gloywo-, *glēwi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 161-2

[3] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gloyw”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

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