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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to make”).[1]
Verb
*kʷareti
- to make
- Synonym: *gniyeti
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷarū
|
*kʷaremam
|
*kʷikʷrissū
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷaresi
|
*kʷaretās
|
*kʷikʷrissesi
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷareti
|
*kʷareto
|
*kʷikʷrisseti
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷaromosi
|
*kʷaremo
|
*kʷikʷrissomosi
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷaretesi
|
*kʷarestē
|
*kʷikʷrissetesi
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷaronti
|
*kʷarento
|
*kʷikʷrissonti
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷersū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷersesi
|
?
|
*kʷare
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷerseti
|
?
|
*kʷaretou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷersomosi
|
?
|
*kʷaromos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷersetesi
|
?
|
*kʷarete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷersonti
|
?
|
*kʷarontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷarūr
|
—
|
*kʷikʷrissūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷaretar
|
—
|
*kʷikʷrissetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷaretor
|
?
|
*kʷikʷrissetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷarommor
|
—
|
*kʷikʷrissommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷaredwe
|
—
|
*kʷikʷrissedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷarontor
|
?
|
*kʷikʷrissontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷersūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷersetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷersetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷersommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷersedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷersontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷaronts
|
*kʷaronte
|
*kʷarontes
|
| vocative
|
*kʷaronts
|
*kʷaronte
|
*kʷarontes
|
| accusative
|
*kʷarontam
|
*kʷaronte
|
*kʷarontans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷarantos
|
*?
|
*kʷarantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷarantei
|
*kʷarantbom
|
*kʷarantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷarantī?
|
*kʷarantbim
|
*kʷarantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷarantī
|
*kʷarantī
|
*kʷarantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷarantī
|
*kʷarantī
|
*kʷarantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷarantīm
|
*kʷarantī
|
*kʷarantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷarantyās
|
*?
|
*kʷarantyom
|
| dative
|
*kʷarantyāi
|
*kʷarantyābom
|
*kʷarantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷarantyābim
|
*kʷarantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷaront
|
*?
|
*kʷaronta
|
| vocative
|
*kʷaront
|
*?
|
*kʷaronta
|
| accusative
|
*kʷaront
|
*?
|
*kʷaronta
|
| genitive
|
*kʷarantos
|
*?
|
*kʷarantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷarantei
|
*?
|
*kʷarantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷarantī?
|
*?
|
*kʷarantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷaromnos
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kʷaromne
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kʷaromnom
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnons
|
| genitive
|
*kʷaromnī
|
*kʷaromnous
|
*kʷaromnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷaromnūi
|
*kʷaromnobom
|
*kʷaromnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷaromnū
|
*kʷaromnobim
|
*kʷaromnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷaromnā
|
*kʷaromnai
|
*kʷaromnās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷaromnā
|
*kʷaromnai
|
*kʷaromnās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷaromnam
|
*kʷaromnai
|
*kʷaromnans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷaromnās
|
*kʷaromnous
|
*kʷaromnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷaromnai
|
*kʷaromnābom
|
*kʷaromnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷaromnābim
|
*kʷaromnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷaromnom
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnā
|
| vocative
|
*kʷaromnom
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnā
|
| accusative
|
*kʷaromnom
|
*kʷaromnou
|
*kʷaromnā
|
| genitive
|
*kʷaromnī
|
*kʷaromnous
|
*kʷaromnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷaromnūi
|
*kʷaromnobom
|
*kʷaromnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷaromnū
|
*kʷaromnobim
|
*kʷaromnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷritos
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritoi
|
| vocative
|
*kʷrite
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritoi
|
| accusative
|
*kʷritom
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritons
|
| genitive
|
*kʷritī
|
*kʷritous
|
*kʷritom
|
| dative
|
*kʷritūi
|
*kʷritobom
|
*kʷritobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷritū
|
*kʷritobim
|
*kʷritobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷritā
|
*kʷritai
|
*kʷritās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷritā
|
*kʷritai
|
*kʷritās
|
| accusative
|
*kʷritam
|
*kʷritai
|
*kʷritans
|
| genitive
|
*kʷritās
|
*kʷritous
|
*kʷritom
|
| dative
|
*kʷritai
|
*kʷritābom
|
*kʷritābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷritābim
|
*kʷritābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷritom
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritā
|
| vocative
|
*kʷritom
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritā
|
| accusative
|
*kʷritom
|
*kʷritou
|
*kʷritā
|
| genitive
|
*kʷritī
|
*kʷritous
|
*kʷritom
|
| dative
|
*kʷritūi
|
*kʷritobom
|
*kʷritobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷritū
|
*kʷritobim
|
*kʷritobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *pėrɨd
- ⇒ Old Breton: ampar
- Middle Breton: paraff
- Middle Welsh: peri
References