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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).
Verb
*kartati[1]
- to clean, wipe
- to expel, drive off
Declension
| Athematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kartami
|
*kartamam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kartasi
|
*kartatās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kartati
|
*kartato
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kartamosi
|
*kartamo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kartatesi
|
*kartastē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kartanti
|
*kartanto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*karta
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kartatou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kartamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kartate
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kartantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kartar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kartatar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kartator
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kartammor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kartadwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kartantor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartants
|
*kartante
|
*kartantes
|
| vocative
|
*kartants
|
*kartante
|
*kartantes
|
| accusative
|
*kartantam
|
*kartante
|
*kartantans
|
| genitive
|
*kartantos
|
*?
|
*kartantom
|
| dative
|
*kartantei
|
*kartantbom
|
*kartantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kartantī?
|
*kartantbim
|
*kartantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartantī
|
*kartantī
|
*kartantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kartantī
|
*kartantī
|
*kartantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kartantīm
|
*kartantī
|
*kartantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kartantyās
|
*?
|
*kartantyom
|
| dative
|
*kartantyāi
|
*kartantyābom
|
*kartantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kartantyābim
|
*kartantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartant
|
*?
|
*kartanta
|
| vocative
|
*kartant
|
*?
|
*kartanta
|
| accusative
|
*kartant
|
*?
|
*kartanta
|
| genitive
|
*kartantos
|
*?
|
*kartantom
|
| dative
|
*kartantei
|
*?
|
*kartantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kartantī?
|
*?
|
*kartantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartamnos
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kartamne
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kartamnom
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnons
|
| genitive
|
*kartamnī
|
*kartamnous
|
*kartamnom
|
| dative
|
*kartamnūi
|
*kartamnobom
|
*kartamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kartamnū
|
*kartamnobim
|
*kartamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartamnā
|
*kartamnai
|
*kartamnās
|
| vocative
|
*kartamnā
|
*kartamnai
|
*kartamnās
|
| accusative
|
*kartamnam
|
*kartamnai
|
*kartamnans
|
| genitive
|
*kartamnās
|
*kartamnous
|
*kartamnom
|
| dative
|
*kartamnai
|
*kartamnābom
|
*kartamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kartamnābim
|
*kartamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kartamnom
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnā
|
| vocative
|
*kartamnom
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnā
|
| accusative
|
*kartamnom
|
*kartamnou
|
*kartamnā
|
| genitive
|
*kartamnī
|
*kartamnous
|
*kartamnom
|
| dative
|
*kartamnūi
|
*kartamnobom
|
*kartamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kartamnū
|
*kartamnobim
|
*kartamnobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *karθad
- Middle Breton: carzaff
- Cornish: kartha
- Welsh: carthu
- Middle Irish: cartaid
References
- ^ Koch, John (2004) “*kart-āje/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 64