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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱl̥néwti.
Verb
*klinutor[1]
- to hear
Conjugation
Deponent forms:
| , deponent
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*klinur
|
—
|
*kikluwasūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*klinutar
|
—
|
*kikluwasetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*klinutor
|
?
|
*kikluwasetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*klinummor
|
—
|
*kikluwasommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*klinudwe
|
—
|
*kikluwasedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*klinuntor
|
?
|
*kikluwasontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*klowūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*klowetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*klowetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*klowommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*klowedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*klowontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinwonts
|
*klinwonte
|
*klinwontes
|
| vocative
|
*klinwonts
|
*klinwonte
|
*klinwontes
|
| accusative
|
*klinwontam
|
*klinwonte
|
*klinwontans
|
| genitive
|
*klinwantos
|
*?
|
*klinwantom
|
| dative
|
*klinwantei
|
*klinwantbom
|
*klinwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*klinwantī?
|
*klinwantbim
|
*klinwantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinwantī
|
*klinwantī
|
*klinwantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*klinwantī
|
*klinwantī
|
*klinwantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*klinwantīm
|
*klinwantī
|
*klinwantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*klinwantyās
|
*?
|
*klinwantyom
|
| dative
|
*klinwantyāi
|
*klinwantyābom
|
*klinwantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*klinwantyābim
|
*klinwantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinwont
|
*?
|
*klinwonta
|
| vocative
|
*klinwont
|
*?
|
*klinwonta
|
| accusative
|
*klinwont
|
*?
|
*klinwonta
|
| genitive
|
*klinwantos
|
*?
|
*klinwantom
|
| dative
|
*klinwantei
|
*?
|
*klinwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*klinwantī?
|
*?
|
*klinwantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinumnos
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnoi
|
| vocative
|
*klinumne
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnoi
|
| accusative
|
*klinumnom
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnons
|
| genitive
|
*klinumnī
|
*klinumnous
|
*klinumnom
|
| dative
|
*klinumnūi
|
*klinumnobom
|
*klinumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klinumnū
|
*klinumnobim
|
*klinumnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinumnā
|
*klinumnai
|
*klinumnās
|
| vocative
|
*klinumnā
|
*klinumnai
|
*klinumnās
|
| accusative
|
*klinumnam
|
*klinumnai
|
*klinumnans
|
| genitive
|
*klinumnās
|
*klinumnous
|
*klinumnom
|
| dative
|
*klinumnai
|
*klinumnābom
|
*klinumnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*klinumnābim
|
*klinumnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klinumnom
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnā
|
| vocative
|
*klinumnom
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnā
|
| accusative
|
*klinumnom
|
*klinumnou
|
*klinumnā
|
| genitive
|
*klinumnī
|
*klinumnous
|
*klinumnom
|
| dative
|
*klinumnūi
|
*klinumnobom
|
*klinumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klinumnū
|
*klinumnobim
|
*klinumnobis
|
Non-deponent forms:
| Suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowa
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowe
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowe
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
?
|
*kuklowra
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
?
|
*kuklowras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
*kuklowre
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klutos
|
*klutou
|
*klutoi
|
| vocative
|
*klute
|
*klutou
|
*klutoi
|
| accusative
|
*klutom
|
*klutou
|
*klutons
|
| genitive
|
*klutī
|
*klutous
|
*klutom
|
| dative
|
*klutūi
|
*klutobom
|
*klutobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klutū
|
*klutobim
|
*klutobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klutā
|
*klutai
|
*klutās
|
| vocative
|
*klutā
|
*klutai
|
*klutās
|
| accusative
|
*klutam
|
*klutai
|
*klutans
|
| genitive
|
*klutās
|
*klutous
|
*klutom
|
| dative
|
*klutai
|
*klutābom
|
*klutābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*klutābim
|
*klutābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*klutom
|
*klutou
|
*klutā
|
| vocative
|
*klutom
|
*klutou
|
*klutā
|
| accusative
|
*klutom
|
*klutou
|
*klutā
|
| genitive
|
*klutī
|
*klutous
|
*klutom
|
| dative
|
*klutūi
|
*klutobom
|
*klutobos
|
| instrumental
|
*klutū
|
*klutobim
|
*klutobis
|
Descendants
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kli-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 208