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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to shake”).[1]
Verb
*kriniti
- to shake
Inflection
|
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*krinimi
|
*krinimam
|
*kikrīsū
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*krinisi
|
*krinitās
|
*kikrīsesi
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kriniti
|
*krinito
|
*kikrīseti
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*krinimosi
|
*krinimo
|
*kikrīsomosi
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*krinitesi
|
*krinistē
|
*kikrīsetesi
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*krininti
|
*krininto
|
*kikrīsonti
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kreyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kreyasesi
|
?
|
*krini
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kreyaseti
|
?
|
*krinitou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kreyasomosi
|
?
|
*krinimos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kreyasetesi
|
?
|
*krinite
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kreyasonti
|
?
|
*krinintou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*krinir
|
—
|
*kikrīsūr
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*krinitar
|
—
|
*kikrīsetar
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*krinitor
|
?
|
*kikrīsetor
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*krinimmor
|
—
|
*kikrīsommor
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*krinidwe
|
—
|
*kikrīsedwe
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*krinintor
|
?
|
*kikrīsontor
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kreyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kreyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kreyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kreyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kreyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kreyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinyonts
|
*krinyonte
|
*krinyontes
|
| vocative
|
*krinyonts
|
*krinyonte
|
*krinyontes
|
| accusative
|
*krinyontam
|
*krinyonte
|
*krinyontans
|
| genitive
|
*krinyantos
|
*?
|
*krinyantom
|
| dative
|
*krinyantei
|
*krinyantbom
|
*krinyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*krinyantī?
|
*krinyantbim
|
*krinyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinyantī
|
*krinyantī
|
*krinyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*krinyantī
|
*krinyantī
|
*krinyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*krinyantīm
|
*krinyantī
|
*krinyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*krinyantyās
|
*?
|
*krinyantyom
|
| dative
|
*krinyantyāi
|
*krinyantyābom
|
*krinyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*krinyantyābim
|
*krinyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinyont
|
*?
|
*krinyonta
|
| vocative
|
*krinyont
|
*?
|
*krinyonta
|
| accusative
|
*krinyont
|
*?
|
*krinyonta
|
| genitive
|
*krinyantos
|
*?
|
*krinyantom
|
| dative
|
*krinyantei
|
*?
|
*krinyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*krinyantī?
|
*?
|
*krinyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinimnos
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnoi
|
| vocative
|
*krinimne
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnoi
|
| accusative
|
*krinimnom
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnons
|
| genitive
|
*krinimnī
|
*krinimnous
|
*krinimnom
|
| dative
|
*krinimnūi
|
*krinimnobom
|
*krinimnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*krinimnū
|
*krinimnobim
|
*krinimnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinimnā
|
*krinimnai
|
*krinimnās
|
| vocative
|
*krinimnā
|
*krinimnai
|
*krinimnās
|
| accusative
|
*krinimnam
|
*krinimnai
|
*krinimnans
|
| genitive
|
*krinimnās
|
*krinimnous
|
*krinimnom
|
| dative
|
*krinimnai
|
*krinimnābom
|
*krinimnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*krinimnābim
|
*krinimnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krinimnom
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnā
|
| vocative
|
*krinimnom
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnā
|
| accusative
|
*krinimnom
|
*krinimnou
|
*krinimnā
|
| genitive
|
*krinimnī
|
*krinimnous
|
*krinimnom
|
| dative
|
*krinimnūi
|
*krinimnobom
|
*krinimnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*krinimnū
|
*krinimnobim
|
*krinimnobis
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Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *krɨnɨð
- Middle Welsh: crynu
- Middle Breton: crenaff (1sg. present), cren (3sg. present), creno (3sg. subjunctive)
- Middle Cornish: krena
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kri-ni-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 224