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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright, to shine”).
Verb
*luketi[1]
- to look at, watch, perceive
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*lukū
|
*lukemam
|
*liluxsū
|
*lulouka
|
| 2nd singular
|
*lukesi
|
*luketās
|
*liluxsesi
|
*luloukas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luketi
|
*luketo
|
*liluxseti
|
*lulouke
|
| 1st plural
|
*lukomosi
|
*lukemo
|
*liluxsomosi
|
*luloukmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*luketesi
|
*lukestē
|
*liluxsetesi
|
*lulouxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*lukonti
|
*lukento
|
*liluxsonti
|
*luloukars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*louxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*louxsesi
|
?
|
*luke
|
| 3rd singular
|
*louxseti
|
?
|
*luketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*louxsomosi
|
?
|
*lukomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*louxsetesi
|
?
|
*lukete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*louxsonti
|
?
|
*lukontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*lukūr
|
—
|
*liluxsūr
|
*luloukra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*luketar
|
—
|
*liluxsetar
|
*luloukras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*luketor
|
?
|
*liluxsetor
|
*luloukre
|
| 1st plural
|
*lukommor
|
—
|
*liluxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*lukedwe
|
—
|
*liluxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*lukontor
|
?
|
*liluxsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*louxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*louxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*louxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*louxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*louxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*louxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukonts
|
*lukonte
|
*lukontes
|
| vocative
|
*lukonts
|
*lukonte
|
*lukontes
|
| accusative
|
*lukontam
|
*lukonte
|
*lukontans
|
| genitive
|
*lukantos
|
*?
|
*lukantom
|
| dative
|
*lukantei
|
*lukantbom
|
*lukantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*lukantī?
|
*lukantbim
|
*lukantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukantī
|
*lukantī
|
*lukantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*lukantī
|
*lukantī
|
*lukantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*lukantīm
|
*lukantī
|
*lukantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*lukantyās
|
*?
|
*lukantyom
|
| dative
|
*lukantyāi
|
*lukantyābom
|
*lukantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*lukantyābim
|
*lukantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukont
|
*?
|
*lukonta
|
| vocative
|
*lukont
|
*?
|
*lukonta
|
| accusative
|
*lukont
|
*?
|
*lukonta
|
| genitive
|
*lukantos
|
*?
|
*lukantom
|
| dative
|
*lukantei
|
*?
|
*lukantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*lukantī?
|
*?
|
*lukantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukomnos
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*lukomne
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*lukomnom
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnons
|
| genitive
|
*lukomnī
|
*lukomnous
|
*lukomnom
|
| dative
|
*lukomnūi
|
*lukomnobom
|
*lukomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*lukomnū
|
*lukomnobim
|
*lukomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukomnā
|
*lukomnai
|
*lukomnās
|
| vocative
|
*lukomnā
|
*lukomnai
|
*lukomnās
|
| accusative
|
*lukomnam
|
*lukomnai
|
*lukomnans
|
| genitive
|
*lukomnās
|
*lukomnous
|
*lukomnom
|
| dative
|
*lukomnai
|
*lukomnābom
|
*lukomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*lukomnābim
|
*lukomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*lukomnom
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnā
|
| vocative
|
*lukomnom
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnā
|
| accusative
|
*lukomnom
|
*lukomnou
|
*lukomnā
|
| genitive
|
*lukomnī
|
*lukomnous
|
*lukomnom
|
| dative
|
*lukomnūi
|
*lukomnobom
|
*lukomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*lukomnū
|
*lukomnobim
|
*lukomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luxtos
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*luxte
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*luxtom
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtons
|
| genitive
|
*luxtī
|
*luxtous
|
*luxtom
|
| dative
|
*luxtūi
|
*luxtobom
|
*luxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*luxtū
|
*luxtobim
|
*luxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luxtā
|
*luxtai
|
*luxtās
|
| vocative
|
*luxtā
|
*luxtai
|
*luxtās
|
| accusative
|
*luxtam
|
*luxtai
|
*luxtans
|
| genitive
|
*luxtās
|
*luxtous
|
*luxtom
|
| dative
|
*luxtai
|
*luxtābom
|
*luxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*luxtābim
|
*luxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*luxtom
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtā
|
| vocative
|
*luxtom
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtā
|
| accusative
|
*luxtom
|
*luxtou
|
*luxtā
|
| genitive
|
*luxtī
|
*luxtous
|
*luxtom
|
| dative
|
*luxtūi
|
*luxtobom
|
*luxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*luxtū
|
*luxtobim
|
*luxtobis
|
Derived terms
- *ati-uɸo-luketi
- Middle Welsh: adolwyn (“to beseech, ask, request”)
- *uɸor-luketi
- Middle Welsh: gorllwyn (“to lie in wait, ambush”)
- *to-uɸor-luketi
- Middle Welsh: dyorlluc (3sg preterite)
- *lukatos
- Proto-Brythonic: *llugad
- Old Breton: lagat
- Old Cornish: lagat
- Old Welsh: licat
- Middle Welsh: lygat, llygat
References
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 459