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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to bind”).[1] The *-néwti suffix is reconstructed on the basis of Sanskrit मिनोति (minoti, “to fix, establish”).
Verb
*minuti
- to bind
Inflection
| Suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*minumi
|
*minumam
|
*mimisū
|
*mima
|
| 2nd singular
|
*minusi
|
*minutās
|
*mimisesi
|
*mimas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*minuti
|
*minuto
|
*mimiseti
|
*mime
|
| 1st plural
|
*minumosi
|
*minumo
|
*mimisomosi
|
*mimmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*minutesi
|
*minustē
|
*mimisetesi
|
*minte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*minunti
|
*minunto
|
*mimisonti
|
*mimars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*meyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*meyasesi
|
?
|
*minu
|
| 3rd singular
|
*meyaseti
|
?
|
*minutou
|
| 1st plural
|
*meyasomosi
|
?
|
*minumos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*meyasetesi
|
?
|
*minute
|
| 3rd plural
|
*meyasonti
|
?
|
*minuntou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*minur
|
—
|
*mimisūr
|
*mimra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*minutar
|
—
|
*mimisetar
|
*mimras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*minutor
|
?
|
*mimisetor
|
*mimre
|
| 1st plural
|
*minummor
|
—
|
*mimisommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*minudwe
|
—
|
*mimisedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*minuntor
|
?
|
*mimisontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*meyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*meyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*meyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*meyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*meyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*meyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwonts
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontes
|
| vocative
|
*minwonts
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontes
|
| accusative
|
*minwontam
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontans
|
| genitive
|
*minwantos
|
*?
|
*minwantom
|
| dative
|
*minwantei
|
*minwantbom
|
*minwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*minwantī?
|
*minwantbim
|
*minwantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*minwantīm
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*minwantyās
|
*?
|
*minwantyom
|
| dative
|
*minwantyāi
|
*minwantyābom
|
*minwantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*minwantyābim
|
*minwantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| vocative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| accusative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| genitive
|
*minwantos
|
*?
|
*minwantom
|
| dative
|
*minwantei
|
*?
|
*minwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*minwantī?
|
*?
|
*minwantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnos
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnoi
|
| vocative
|
*minumne
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnoi
|
| accusative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnons
|
| genitive
|
*minumnī
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnūi
|
*minumnobom
|
*minumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*minumnū
|
*minumnobim
|
*minumnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnā
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnās
|
| vocative
|
*minumnā
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnās
|
| accusative
|
*minumnam
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnans
|
| genitive
|
*minumnās
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnābom
|
*minumnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*minumnābim
|
*minumnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| vocative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| accusative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| genitive
|
*minumnī
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnūi
|
*minumnobom
|
*minumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*minumnū
|
*minumnobim
|
*minumnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītos
|
*mītou
|
*mītoi
|
| vocative
|
*mīte
|
*mītou
|
*mītoi
|
| accusative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītons
|
| genitive
|
*mītī
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītūi
|
*mītobom
|
*mītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*mītū
|
*mītobim
|
*mītobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītā
|
*mītai
|
*mītās
|
| vocative
|
*mītā
|
*mītai
|
*mītās
|
| accusative
|
*mītam
|
*mītai
|
*mītans
|
| genitive
|
*mītās
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītai
|
*mītābom
|
*mītābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*mītābim
|
*mītābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| vocative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| accusative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| genitive
|
*mītī
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītūi
|
*mītobom
|
*mītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*mītū
|
*mītobim
|
*mītobis
|
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change (places)”)[2]
Verb
*minuti[3]
- to change position
Inflection
| Suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*minumi
|
*minumam
|
*mimisū
|
*mima
|
| 2nd singular
|
*minusi
|
*minutās
|
*mimisesi
|
*mimas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*minuti
|
*minuto
|
*mimiseti
|
*mime
|
| 1st plural
|
*minumosi
|
*minumo
|
*mimisomosi
|
*mimmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*minutesi
|
*minustē
|
*mimisetesi
|
*minte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*minunti
|
*minunto
|
*mimisonti
|
*mimars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*meyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*meyasesi
|
?
|
*minu
|
| 3rd singular
|
*meyaseti
|
?
|
*minutou
|
| 1st plural
|
*meyasomosi
|
?
|
*minumos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*meyasetesi
|
?
|
*minute
|
| 3rd plural
|
*meyasonti
|
?
|
*minuntou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*minur
|
—
|
*mimisūr
|
*mimra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*minutar
|
—
|
*mimisetar
|
*mimras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*minutor
|
?
|
*mimisetor
|
*mimre
|
| 1st plural
|
*minummor
|
—
|
*mimisommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*minudwe
|
—
|
*mimisedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*minuntor
|
?
|
*mimisontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*meyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*meyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*meyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*meyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*meyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*meyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwonts
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontes
|
| vocative
|
*minwonts
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontes
|
| accusative
|
*minwontam
|
*minwonte
|
*minwontans
|
| genitive
|
*minwantos
|
*?
|
*minwantom
|
| dative
|
*minwantei
|
*minwantbom
|
*minwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*minwantī?
|
*minwantbim
|
*minwantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*minwantīm
|
*minwantī
|
*minwantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*minwantyās
|
*?
|
*minwantyom
|
| dative
|
*minwantyāi
|
*minwantyābom
|
*minwantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*minwantyābim
|
*minwantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| vocative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| accusative
|
*minwont
|
*?
|
*minwonta
|
| genitive
|
*minwantos
|
*?
|
*minwantom
|
| dative
|
*minwantei
|
*?
|
*minwantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*minwantī?
|
*?
|
*minwantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnos
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnoi
|
| vocative
|
*minumne
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnoi
|
| accusative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnons
|
| genitive
|
*minumnī
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnūi
|
*minumnobom
|
*minumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*minumnū
|
*minumnobim
|
*minumnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnā
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnās
|
| vocative
|
*minumnā
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnās
|
| accusative
|
*minumnam
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnans
|
| genitive
|
*minumnās
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnai
|
*minumnābom
|
*minumnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*minumnābim
|
*minumnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| vocative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| accusative
|
*minumnom
|
*minumnou
|
*minumnā
|
| genitive
|
*minumnī
|
*minumnous
|
*minumnom
|
| dative
|
*minumnūi
|
*minumnobom
|
*minumnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*minumnū
|
*minumnobim
|
*minumnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītos
|
*mītou
|
*mītoi
|
| vocative
|
*mīte
|
*mītou
|
*mītoi
|
| accusative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītons
|
| genitive
|
*mītī
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītūi
|
*mītobom
|
*mītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*mītū
|
*mītobim
|
*mītobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītā
|
*mītai
|
*mītās
|
| vocative
|
*mītā
|
*mītai
|
*mītās
|
| accusative
|
*mītam
|
*mītai
|
*mītans
|
| genitive
|
*mītās
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītai
|
*mītābom
|
*mītābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*mītābim
|
*mītābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| vocative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| accusative
|
*mītom
|
*mītou
|
*mītā
|
| genitive
|
*mītī
|
*mītous
|
*mītom
|
| dative
|
*mītūi
|
*mītobom
|
*mītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*mītū
|
*mītobim
|
*mītobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- KPV presumes this verb acquired the exact same form as the homonymous verb meaning "bind".
- This verb from an originally laryngeal-free root was reshaped after verbs with originally laryngeal-final roots like *binati; this analogy is apparent in both the past participle (evidenced in Middle Cornish tremit (“effort”)) and Middle Welsh tramwy.
Derived terms
- *trānts-meiyom
- Proto-Brythonic: *tramuɨ
- Middle Welsh: tramwy (noun)
- *trānts-minuti
- Proto-Brythonic: *trėmɨn (prototonic)
- Middle Breton: tremen
- Middle Cornish: tremena
- Middle Welsh: tramwy (verb)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*mi-nV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 271
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 485-486