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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg- (“perish”), see also Hittite 𒄯𒀝𒍣 (ḫar-ak-zi /ḫarkzi/) and Old Armenian հարկանեմ (harkanem, “strike”).
Verb
*orgeti[1][2]
- to kill
- to destroy
Declension
| Thematic present, t-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*orgū
|
*orgemam
|
*iorxsū
|
*orgam
|
| 2nd singular
|
*orgesi
|
*orgetās
|
*iorxsesi
|
*orxs
|
| 3rd singular
|
*orgeti
|
*orgeto
|
*iorxseti
|
*orxt
|
| 1st plural
|
*orgomosi
|
*orgemo
|
*iorxsomosi
|
*orgme
|
| 2nd plural
|
*orgetesi
|
*orgestē
|
*iorxsetesi
|
*orxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*orgonti
|
*orgento
|
*iorxsonti
|
*organt
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*orxsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*orxsesi
|
?
|
*orge
|
| 3rd singular
|
*orxseti
|
?
|
*orgetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*orxsomosi
|
?
|
*orgomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*orxsetesi
|
?
|
*orgete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*orxsonti
|
?
|
*orgontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*orgūr
|
—
|
*iorxsūr
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*orgetar
|
—
|
*iorxsetar
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*orgetor
|
?
|
*iorxsetor
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*orgommor
|
—
|
*iorxsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*orgedwe
|
—
|
*iorxsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*orgontor
|
?
|
*iorxsontor
|
*organto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*orxsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*orxsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*orxsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*orxsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*orxsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*orxsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orgonts
|
*orgonte
|
*orgontes
|
| vocative
|
*orgonts
|
*orgonte
|
*orgontes
|
| accusative
|
*orgontam
|
*orgonte
|
*orgontans
|
| genitive
|
*organtos
|
*?
|
*organtom
|
| dative
|
*organtei
|
*organtbom
|
*organtbos
|
| instrumental
|
*organtī?
|
*organtbim
|
*organtbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*organtī
|
*organtī
|
*organtiyās
|
| vocative
|
*organtī
|
*organtī
|
*organtiyās
|
| accusative
|
*organtīm
|
*organtī
|
*organtiyans
|
| genitive
|
*organtyās
|
*?
|
*organtyom
|
| dative
|
*organtyāi
|
*organtyābom
|
*organtyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*organtyābim
|
*organtyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orgont
|
*?
|
*orgonta
|
| vocative
|
*orgont
|
*?
|
*orgonta
|
| accusative
|
*orgont
|
*?
|
*orgonta
|
| genitive
|
*organtos
|
*?
|
*organtom
|
| dative
|
*organtei
|
*?
|
*organtbos
|
| instrumental
|
*organtī?
|
*?
|
*organtbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orgomnos
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*orgomne
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*orgomnom
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnons
|
| genitive
|
*orgomnī
|
*orgomnous
|
*orgomnom
|
| dative
|
*orgomnūi
|
*orgomnobom
|
*orgomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*orgomnū
|
*orgomnobim
|
*orgomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orgomnā
|
*orgomnai
|
*orgomnās
|
| vocative
|
*orgomnā
|
*orgomnai
|
*orgomnās
|
| accusative
|
*orgomnam
|
*orgomnai
|
*orgomnans
|
| genitive
|
*orgomnās
|
*orgomnous
|
*orgomnom
|
| dative
|
*orgomnai
|
*orgomnābom
|
*orgomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*orgomnābim
|
*orgomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orgomnom
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnā
|
| vocative
|
*orgomnom
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnā
|
| accusative
|
*orgomnom
|
*orgomnou
|
*orgomnā
|
| genitive
|
*orgomnī
|
*orgomnous
|
*orgomnom
|
| dative
|
*orgomnūi
|
*orgomnobom
|
*orgomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*orgomnū
|
*orgomnobim
|
*orgomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orxtos
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*orxte
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*orxtom
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtons
|
| genitive
|
*orxtī
|
*orxtous
|
*orxtom
|
| dative
|
*orxtūi
|
*orxtobom
|
*orxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*orxtū
|
*orxtobim
|
*orxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orxtā
|
*orxtai
|
*orxtās
|
| vocative
|
*orxtā
|
*orxtai
|
*orxtās
|
| accusative
|
*orxtam
|
*orxtai
|
*orxtans
|
| genitive
|
*orxtās
|
*orxtous
|
*orxtom
|
| dative
|
*orxtai
|
*orxtābom
|
*orxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*orxtābim
|
*orxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*orxtom
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtā
|
| vocative
|
*orxtom
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtā
|
| accusative
|
*orxtom
|
*orxtou
|
*orxtā
|
| genitive
|
*orxtī
|
*orxtous
|
*orxtom
|
| dative
|
*orxtūi
|
*orxtobom
|
*orxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*orxtū
|
*orxtobim
|
*orxtobis
|
Derived terms
- *orgenā
- *to-orgeti
- Old Irish: do·fúairc, túarcon
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- ⇒ Old Breton: treorgam
- Middle Welsh: yny-orth
- Old Irish: orcaid, orgaid, orggaid
- Gaulish: orge (“kill”, imperative)
- Gaulish: *orgetos[3] (deverbal)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*org-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
- ^ Koch, John (2004) “*org-e/o-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 172
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “orget(o)-/orgeno-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 244