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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *sagros (“insulting”) + *-sagyetor (denominative suffix). One of the oldest verbs of this type, given the presence of a Brittonic reflex and a "seeking" meaning ("seeking outrage").[1]
Verb
*sagrosagyetor
- to insult, offend
Inflection
| Thematic present, deponent
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*sagrosagyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*sagrosagyetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sagrosagyetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*sagrosagyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*sagrosagyedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*sagrosagyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyonts
|
*sagrosagyonte
|
*sagrosagyontes
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyonts
|
*sagrosagyonte
|
*sagrosagyontes
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyontam
|
*sagrosagyonte
|
*sagrosagyontans
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyantos
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyantei
|
*sagrosagyantbom
|
*sagrosagyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*sagrosagyantī?
|
*sagrosagyantbim
|
*sagrosagyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyantī
|
*sagrosagyantī
|
*sagrosagyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyantī
|
*sagrosagyantī
|
*sagrosagyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyantīm
|
*sagrosagyantī
|
*sagrosagyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyantyās
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantyom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyantyāi
|
*sagrosagyantyābom
|
*sagrosagyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantyābim
|
*sagrosagyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyont
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyonta
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyont
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyonta
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyont
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyonta
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyantos
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyantei
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*sagrosagyantī?
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyomnos
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyomne
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyomnī
|
*sagrosagyomnous
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyomnūi
|
*sagrosagyomnobom
|
*sagrosagyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*sagrosagyomnū
|
*sagrosagyomnobim
|
*sagrosagyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyomnā
|
*sagrosagyomnai
|
*sagrosagyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyomnā
|
*sagrosagyomnai
|
*sagrosagyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyomnam
|
*sagrosagyomnai
|
*sagrosagyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyomnās
|
*sagrosagyomnous
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyomnai
|
*sagrosagyomnābom
|
*sagrosagyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*sagrosagyomnābim
|
*sagrosagyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
*sagrosagyomnou
|
*sagrosagyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*sagrosagyomnī
|
*sagrosagyomnous
|
*sagrosagyomnom
|
| dative
|
*sagrosagyomnūi
|
*sagrosagyomnobom
|
*sagrosagyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*sagrosagyomnū
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*sagrosagyomnobim
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*sagrosagyomnobis
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Reconstruction notes
- The Welsh first a instead of ae may be due to pretonic reduction.[2]
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *saɨrhėɣɨd
- Middle Welsh: sarhau (also attested with initial sayr-, ser-)
- Old Irish: sáraigid, sáraigidir
References
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, pages 81, 239
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 413