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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Of unknown origin; Fowkes followed by LÉIA and Matasović[1] speculate on a connection to Sanskrit नाथ (nātha, “help”) via a putative root *(s)neh₂-, but that requires abandoning the usual derivation of that word from *h₃neh₂-.[2]
Verb
*snādīti
- to protect
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*snādeyū
|
*snādīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*snādīsi
|
*snādītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*snādīti
|
*snādīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*snādeyomosi
|
*snādīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*snādītesi
|
*snādīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*snādeyonti
|
*snādīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*snādī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*snādītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*snādeyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*snādīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*snādeyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*snādeyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*snādītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*snādītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*snādeyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*snādīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*snādeyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyonts
|
*snādeyonte
|
*snādeyontes
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyonts
|
*snādeyonte
|
*snādeyontes
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyontam
|
*snādeyonte
|
*snādeyontans
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyantos
|
*?
|
*snādeyantom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyantei
|
*snādeyantbom
|
*snādeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*snādeyantī?
|
*snādeyantbim
|
*snādeyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyantī
|
*snādeyantī
|
*snādeyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyantī
|
*snādeyantī
|
*snādeyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyantīm
|
*snādeyantī
|
*snādeyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyantyās
|
*?
|
*snādeyantyom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyantyāi
|
*snādeyantyābom
|
*snādeyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*snādeyantyābim
|
*snādeyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyont
|
*?
|
*snādeyonta
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyont
|
*?
|
*snādeyonta
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyont
|
*?
|
*snādeyonta
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyantos
|
*?
|
*snādeyantom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyantei
|
*?
|
*snādeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*snādeyantī?
|
*?
|
*snādeyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyomnos
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyomne
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyomnom
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyomnī
|
*snādeyomnous
|
*snādeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyomnūi
|
*snādeyomnobom
|
*snādeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*snādeyomnū
|
*snādeyomnobim
|
*snādeyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyomnā
|
*snādeyomnai
|
*snādeyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyomnā
|
*snādeyomnai
|
*snādeyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyomnam
|
*snādeyomnai
|
*snādeyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyomnās
|
*snādeyomnous
|
*snādeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyomnai
|
*snādeyomnābom
|
*snādeyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*snādeyomnābim
|
*snādeyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*snādeyomnom
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*snādeyomnom
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*snādeyomnom
|
*snādeyomnou
|
*snādeyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*snādeyomnī
|
*snādeyomnous
|
*snādeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*snādeyomnūi
|
*snādeyomnobom
|
*snādeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*snādeyomnū
|
*snādeyomnobim
|
*snādeyomnobis
|
Derived terms
- *snādetus
- *snād-os
- Proto-Brythonic: *nọð
- ⇒ Old Breton: Nodhail, Nodhoiarn
- Old Welsh: naud
- Middle Welsh: nawð, nawt, naut
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *nọðid
- Old Irish: snádid
References
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 439
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*snād-ī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 348