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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Uncertain;[1] possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak-, the source of Latin taceo (“I am silent”), Proto-Germanic *þagjaną (“to be silent”).[2]
Verb
*taketi
- to choke, strangle
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*takū
|
*takemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*takesi
|
*taketās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*taketi
|
*taketo
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*takomosi
|
*takemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*taketesi
|
*takestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*takonti
|
*takento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*take
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*taketou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*takomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*takete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*takontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*takūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*taketar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*taketor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*takommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*takedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*takontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takonts
|
*takonte
|
*takontes
|
| vocative
|
*takonts
|
*takonte
|
*takontes
|
| accusative
|
*takontam
|
*takonte
|
*takontans
|
| genitive
|
*takantos
|
*?
|
*takantom
|
| dative
|
*takantei
|
*takantbom
|
*takantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*takantī?
|
*takantbim
|
*takantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takantī
|
*takantī
|
*takantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*takantī
|
*takantī
|
*takantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*takantīm
|
*takantī
|
*takantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*takantyās
|
*?
|
*takantyom
|
| dative
|
*takantyāi
|
*takantyābom
|
*takantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*takantyābim
|
*takantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takont
|
*?
|
*takonta
|
| vocative
|
*takont
|
*?
|
*takonta
|
| accusative
|
*takont
|
*?
|
*takonta
|
| genitive
|
*takantos
|
*?
|
*takantom
|
| dative
|
*takantei
|
*?
|
*takantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*takantī?
|
*?
|
*takantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takomnos
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*takomne
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*takomnom
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnons
|
| genitive
|
*takomnī
|
*takomnous
|
*takomnom
|
| dative
|
*takomnūi
|
*takomnobom
|
*takomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*takomnū
|
*takomnobim
|
*takomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takomnā
|
*takomnai
|
*takomnās
|
| vocative
|
*takomnā
|
*takomnai
|
*takomnās
|
| accusative
|
*takomnam
|
*takomnai
|
*takomnans
|
| genitive
|
*takomnās
|
*takomnous
|
*takomnom
|
| dative
|
*takomnai
|
*takomnābom
|
*takomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*takomnābim
|
*takomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*takomnom
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnā
|
| vocative
|
*takomnom
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnā
|
| accusative
|
*takomnom
|
*takomnou
|
*takomnā
|
| genitive
|
*takomnī
|
*takomnous
|
*takomnom
|
| dative
|
*takomnūi
|
*takomnobom
|
*takomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*takomnū
|
*takomnobim
|
*takomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taxtos
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtoi
|
| vocative
|
*taxte
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtoi
|
| accusative
|
*taxtom
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtons
|
| genitive
|
*taxtī
|
*taxtous
|
*taxtom
|
| dative
|
*taxtūi
|
*taxtobom
|
*taxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*taxtū
|
*taxtobim
|
*taxtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taxtā
|
*taxtai
|
*taxtās
|
| vocative
|
*taxtā
|
*taxtai
|
*taxtās
|
| accusative
|
*taxtam
|
*taxtai
|
*taxtans
|
| genitive
|
*taxtās
|
*taxtous
|
*taxtom
|
| dative
|
*taxtai
|
*taxtābom
|
*taxtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*taxtābim
|
*taxtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*taxtom
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtā
|
| vocative
|
*taxtom
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtā
|
| accusative
|
*taxtom
|
*taxtou
|
*taxtā
|
| genitive
|
*taxtī
|
*taxtous
|
*taxtom
|
| dative
|
*taxtūi
|
*taxtobom
|
*taxtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*taxtū
|
*taxtobim
|
*taxtobis
|
Reconstruction notes
Matasović's reconstruction *tageti is erroneous, as intervocalic -g- is normally deleted in Brittonic, not retained.
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- ⇒ Old Irish: tachtaid (from past participle stem)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tag-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 366
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1055”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1055