Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/teɸ(e)smos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“warm, hot”).^[1] The Brittonic terms may be formed from an s-stem *teɸos, combining form *teɸes-, but the Irish word cannot come from that combining form (one would expect an **ía to appear); instead the Irish must be from a base *teɸ-s- (see also *texstus).

Adjective

*teɸ(e)smos

hot, warm

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smos	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smoi
vocative	*teɸ(e)sme	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smoi
accusative	*teɸ(e)smom	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smons
genitive	*teɸ(e)smī	*teɸ(e)smous	*teɸ(e)smom
dative	*teɸ(e)smūi	*teɸ(e)smobom	*teɸ(e)smobos
instrumental	*teɸ(e)smū	*teɸ(e)smobim	*teɸ(e)smobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smā	*teɸ(e)smai	*teɸ(e)smās
vocative	*teɸ(e)smā	*teɸ(e)smai	*teɸ(e)smās
accusative	*teɸ(e)smam	*teɸ(e)smai	*teɸ(e)smans
genitive	*teɸ(e)smās	*teɸ(e)smous	*teɸ(e)smom
dative	*teɸ(e)smai	*teɸ(e)smābom	*teɸ(e)smābos
instrumental	*?	*teɸ(e)smābim	*teɸ(e)smābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smom	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smā
vocative	*teɸ(e)smom	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smā
accusative	*teɸ(e)smom	*teɸ(e)smou	*teɸ(e)smā
genitive	*teɸ(e)smī	*teɸ(e)smous	*teɸ(e)smom
dative	*teɸ(e)smūi	*teɸ(e)smobom	*teɸ(e)smobos
instrumental	*teɸ(e)smū	*teɸ(e)smobim	*teɸ(e)smobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smyūs	*?	*teɸ(e)smyoses
vocative	*teɸ(e)smyūs	*?	*teɸ(e)smyoses
accusative	*teɸ(e)smyosam	*?	*teɸ(e)smyosans
genitive	*teɸ(e)smisos	*?	*teɸ(e)smisom
dative	*teɸ(e)smisei	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbos
instrumental	*teɸ(e)smisī	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smyūs	*?	*teɸ(e)smyoses
vocative	*teɸ(e)smyūs	*?	*teɸ(e)smyoses
accusative	*teɸ(e)smyosam	*?	*teɸ(e)smyosans
genitive	*teɸ(e)smisos	*?	*teɸ(e)smisom
dative	*teɸ(e)smisei	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbos
instrumental	*teɸ(e)smisī	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*teɸ(e)smis	*?	*?
vocative	*teɸ(e)smis	*?	*?
accusative	*teɸ(e)smis	*?	*?
genitive	*teɸ(e)smisos	*?	*teɸ(e)smisom
dative	*teɸ(e)smisei	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbos
instrumental	*teɸ(e)smisī	*?	*teɸ(e)smisbis

Alternative reconstructions

*teɸesmis^[2]

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *tuɨm (< *teɸes-mos)
- Middle Breton: toem
  - Breton: tomm
- Old Cornish: toim
  - Middle Cornish: tum
    - Cornish: (archaic spellings) twbm, tubm, (Revived spellings) tomm, tobm
- Middle Welsh: twym, tuim
  - Welsh: twym
⇒ Old Irish: timme, time (“heat”) (< *teɸ-s-m-iyā)

References

^ Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen [Abstracts with Dental Suffixes in Old Irish] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN, pages 132-133
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 375

[1] Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen [Abstracts with Dental Suffixes in Old Irish] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN, pages 132-133

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 375

[1]

[2]