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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, to flow”).[1]
Verb
*tekʷeti
- to run, flee
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tekʷū
|
*tekʷemam
|
?
|
*tākʷa
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tekʷesi
|
*tekʷetās
|
?
|
*tākʷas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tekʷeti
|
*tekʷeto
|
?
|
*tākʷe
|
| 1st plural
|
*tekʷomosi
|
*tekʷemo
|
?
|
*tākʷmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tekʷetesi
|
*tekʷestē
|
?
|
*tākʷe
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tekʷonti
|
*tekʷento
|
?
|
*tākʷars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*texsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*texsesi
|
?
|
*tekʷe
|
| 3rd singular
|
*texseti
|
?
|
*tekʷetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*texsomosi
|
?
|
*tekʷomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*texsetesi
|
?
|
*tekʷete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*texsonti
|
?
|
*tekʷontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tekʷūr
|
—
|
?
|
*tākʷra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tekʷetar
|
—
|
?
|
*tākʷras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tekʷetor
|
?
|
?
|
*tākʷre
|
| 1st plural
|
*tekʷommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tekʷedwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tekʷontor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*texsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*texsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*texsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*texsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*texsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*texsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷonts
|
*tekʷonte
|
*tekʷontes
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷonts
|
*tekʷonte
|
*tekʷontes
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷontam
|
*tekʷonte
|
*tekʷontans
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷantos
|
*?
|
*tekʷantom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷantei
|
*tekʷantbom
|
*tekʷantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tekʷantī?
|
*tekʷantbim
|
*tekʷantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷantī
|
*tekʷantī
|
*tekʷantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷantī
|
*tekʷantī
|
*tekʷantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷantīm
|
*tekʷantī
|
*tekʷantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷantyās
|
*?
|
*tekʷantyom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷantyāi
|
*tekʷantyābom
|
*tekʷantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tekʷantyābim
|
*tekʷantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷont
|
*?
|
*tekʷonta
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷont
|
*?
|
*tekʷonta
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷont
|
*?
|
*tekʷonta
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷantos
|
*?
|
*tekʷantom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷantei
|
*?
|
*tekʷantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tekʷantī?
|
*?
|
*tekʷantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷomnos
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷomne
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷomnom
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnons
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷomnī
|
*tekʷomnous
|
*tekʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷomnūi
|
*tekʷomnobom
|
*tekʷomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tekʷomnū
|
*tekʷomnobim
|
*tekʷomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷomnā
|
*tekʷomnai
|
*tekʷomnās
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷomnā
|
*tekʷomnai
|
*tekʷomnās
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷomnam
|
*tekʷomnai
|
*tekʷomnans
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷomnās
|
*tekʷomnous
|
*tekʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷomnai
|
*tekʷomnābom
|
*tekʷomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tekʷomnābim
|
*tekʷomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tekʷomnom
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnā
|
| vocative
|
*tekʷomnom
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnā
|
| accusative
|
*tekʷomnom
|
*tekʷomnou
|
*tekʷomnā
|
| genitive
|
*tekʷomnī
|
*tekʷomnous
|
*tekʷomnom
|
| dative
|
*tekʷomnūi
|
*tekʷomnobom
|
*tekʷomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tekʷomnū
|
*tekʷomnobim
|
*tekʷomnobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *tebɨd
- Middle Welsh: debit (initially mutated)
- Old Irish: teichid, techid
- Irish: teith
- Manx: çhea
- Scottish Gaelic: teich
- → Proto-Brythonic: *texɨd
- Middle Breton: techet
- Cornish: têgh
- Middle Welsh: techu
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tekʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 377