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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tend- (“to cut”).[1]
Verb
*tendeti
- to cut
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tendū
|
*tendemam
|
*titantsū
|
*tetonda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tendesi
|
*tendetās
|
*titantsesi
|
*tetondas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tendeti
|
*tendeto
|
*titantseti
|
*tetonde
|
| 1st plural
|
*tendomosi
|
*tendemo
|
*titantsomosi
|
*tetondmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tendetesi
|
*tendestē
|
*titantsetesi
|
*tetonsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tendonti
|
*tendento
|
*titantsonti
|
*tetondars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*tentsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tentsesi
|
?
|
*tende
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tentseti
|
?
|
*tendetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*tentsomosi
|
?
|
*tendomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tentsetesi
|
?
|
*tendete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tentsonti
|
?
|
*tendontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*tendūr
|
—
|
*titantsūr
|
*tetondra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tendetar
|
—
|
*titantsetar
|
*tetondras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tendetor
|
?
|
*titantsetor
|
*tetondre
|
| 1st plural
|
*tendommor
|
—
|
*titantsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tendedwe
|
—
|
*titantsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tendontor
|
?
|
*titantsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*tentsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*tentsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*tentsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*tentsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*tentsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*tentsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendonts
|
*tendonte
|
*tendontes
|
| vocative
|
*tendonts
|
*tendonte
|
*tendontes
|
| accusative
|
*tendontam
|
*tendonte
|
*tendontans
|
| genitive
|
*tendantos
|
*?
|
*tendantom
|
| dative
|
*tendantei
|
*tendantbom
|
*tendantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tendantī?
|
*tendantbim
|
*tendantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendantī
|
*tendantī
|
*tendantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*tendantī
|
*tendantī
|
*tendantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*tendantīm
|
*tendantī
|
*tendantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*tendantyās
|
*?
|
*tendantyom
|
| dative
|
*tendantyāi
|
*tendantyābom
|
*tendantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tendantyābim
|
*tendantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendont
|
*?
|
*tendonta
|
| vocative
|
*tendont
|
*?
|
*tendonta
|
| accusative
|
*tendont
|
*?
|
*tendonta
|
| genitive
|
*tendantos
|
*?
|
*tendantom
|
| dative
|
*tendantei
|
*?
|
*tendantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*tendantī?
|
*?
|
*tendantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendomnos
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*tendomne
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*tendomnom
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnons
|
| genitive
|
*tendomnī
|
*tendomnous
|
*tendomnom
|
| dative
|
*tendomnūi
|
*tendomnobom
|
*tendomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tendomnū
|
*tendomnobim
|
*tendomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendomnā
|
*tendomnai
|
*tendomnās
|
| vocative
|
*tendomnā
|
*tendomnai
|
*tendomnās
|
| accusative
|
*tendomnam
|
*tendomnai
|
*tendomnans
|
| genitive
|
*tendomnās
|
*tendomnous
|
*tendomnom
|
| dative
|
*tendomnai
|
*tendomnābom
|
*tendomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tendomnābim
|
*tendomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tendomnom
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnā
|
| vocative
|
*tendomnom
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnā
|
| accusative
|
*tendomnom
|
*tendomnou
|
*tendomnā
|
| genitive
|
*tendomnī
|
*tendomnous
|
*tendomnom
|
| dative
|
*tendomnūi
|
*tendomnobom
|
*tendomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tendomnū
|
*tendomnobim
|
*tendomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tanssos
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssoi
|
| vocative
|
*tansse
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssoi
|
| accusative
|
*tanssom
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssons
|
| genitive
|
*tanssī
|
*tanssous
|
*tanssom
|
| dative
|
*tanssūi
|
*tanssobom
|
*tanssobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tanssū
|
*tanssobim
|
*tanssobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tanssā
|
*tanssai
|
*tanssās
|
| vocative
|
*tanssā
|
*tanssai
|
*tanssās
|
| accusative
|
*tanssam
|
*tanssai
|
*tanssans
|
| genitive
|
*tanssās
|
*tanssous
|
*tanssom
|
| dative
|
*tanssai
|
*tanssābom
|
*tanssābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*tanssābim
|
*tanssābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*tanssom
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssā
|
| vocative
|
*tanssom
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssā
|
| accusative
|
*tanssom
|
*tanssou
|
*tanssā
|
| genitive
|
*tanssī
|
*tanssous
|
*tanssom
|
| dative
|
*tanssūi
|
*tanssobom
|
*tanssobos
|
| instrumental
|
*tanssū
|
*tanssobim
|
*tanssobis
|
Alternative reconstructions
Descendants
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*tend-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 614