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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *uɸo- (“under”) + *starnāti (“to strew”).[1]
Verb
*uɸostarnāti
- to strew down
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₃-final root, t-preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸstarnāmi
|
*uɸstarnamam
|
*uɸosistrāsū
|
*uɸostiram
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸstarnāsi
|
*uɸstarnatās
|
*uɸosistrāsesi
|
*uɸostirs
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸstarnāti
|
*uɸstarnato
|
*uɸosistrāseti
|
*uɸostirt
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸstarnamosi
|
*uɸstarnamo
|
*uɸosistrāsomosi
|
*uɸostirme
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸstarnatesi
|
*uɸstarnastē
|
*uɸosistrāsetesi
|
*uɸostirte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸstarnonti
|
*uɸstarnanto
|
*uɸosistrāsonti
|
*uɸostirant
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸosterasū
|
?
|
—
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| 2nd singular
|
*uɸosterasesi
|
?
|
*uɸstarnā
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| 3rd singular
|
*uɸosteraseti
|
?
|
*uɸstarnātou
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸosterasomosi
|
?
|
*uɸstarnamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸosterasetesi
|
?
|
*uɸstarnate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸosterasonti
|
?
|
*uɸstarnontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸstarnār
|
—
|
*uɸosistrāsūr
|
?
|
| 2nd singular
|
*uɸstarnātar
|
—
|
*uɸosistrāsetar
|
?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*uɸstarnātor
|
?
|
*uɸosistrāsetor
|
?
|
| 1st plural
|
*uɸstarnammor
|
—
|
*uɸosistrāsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*uɸstarnadwe
|
—
|
*uɸosistrāsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*uɸstarnontor
|
?
|
*uɸosistrāsontor
|
*uɸostiranto
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*uɸosterasūr
|
—
|
—
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| 2nd singular
|
*uɸosterasetar
|
—
|
—
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| 3rd singular
|
*uɸosterasetor
|
—
|
—
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| 1st plural
|
*uɸosterasommor
|
—
|
—
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| 2nd plural
|
*uɸosterasedwe
|
—
|
—
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| 3rd plural
|
*uɸosterasontor
|
—
|
—
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| Declension of the present participle
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| masculine
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singular
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dual
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plural
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| nominative
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*uɸstarnonts
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*uɸstarnonte
|
*uɸstarnontes
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| vocative
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*uɸstarnonts
|
*uɸstarnonte
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*uɸstarnontes
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| accusative
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*uɸstarnontam
|
*uɸstarnonte
|
*uɸstarnontans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnantos
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnantei
|
*uɸstarnantbom
|
*uɸstarnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸstarnantī?
|
*uɸstarnantbim
|
*uɸstarnantbis
|
| feminine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸstarnantī
|
*uɸstarnantī
|
*uɸstarnantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*uɸstarnantī
|
*uɸstarnantī
|
*uɸstarnantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*uɸstarnantīm
|
*uɸstarnantī
|
*uɸstarnantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnantyās
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantyom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnantyāi
|
*uɸstarnantyābom
|
*uɸstarnantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantyābim
|
*uɸstarnantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸstarnont
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnonta
|
| vocative
|
*uɸstarnont
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnonta
|
| accusative
|
*uɸstarnont
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnonta
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnantos
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnantei
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸstarnantī?
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸstarnamnos
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*uɸstarnamne
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnons
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnamnī
|
*uɸstarnamnous
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnamnūi
|
*uɸstarnamnobom
|
*uɸstarnamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸstarnamnū
|
*uɸstarnamnobim
|
*uɸstarnamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸstarnamnā
|
*uɸstarnamnai
|
*uɸstarnamnās
|
| vocative
|
*uɸstarnamnā
|
*uɸstarnamnai
|
*uɸstarnamnās
|
| accusative
|
*uɸstarnamnam
|
*uɸstarnamnai
|
*uɸstarnamnans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnamnās
|
*uɸstarnamnous
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnamnai
|
*uɸstarnamnābom
|
*uɸstarnamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*uɸstarnamnābim
|
*uɸstarnamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnā
|
| vocative
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnā
|
| accusative
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
*uɸstarnamnou
|
*uɸstarnamnā
|
| genitive
|
*uɸstarnamnī
|
*uɸstarnamnous
|
*uɸstarnamnom
|
| dative
|
*uɸstarnamnūi
|
*uɸstarnamnobom
|
*uɸstarnamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸstarnamnū
|
*uɸstarnamnobim
|
*uɸstarnamnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸostrātos
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātoi
|
| vocative
|
*uɸostrāte
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātoi
|
| accusative
|
*uɸostrātom
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātons
|
| genitive
|
*uɸostrātī
|
*uɸostrātous
|
*uɸostrātom
|
| dative
|
*uɸostrātūi
|
*uɸostrātobom
|
*uɸostrātobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸostrātū
|
*uɸostrātobim
|
*uɸostrātobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸostrātā
|
*uɸostrātai
|
*uɸostrātās
|
| vocative
|
*uɸostrātā
|
*uɸostrātai
|
*uɸostrātās
|
| accusative
|
*uɸostrātam
|
*uɸostrātai
|
*uɸostrātans
|
| genitive
|
*uɸostrātās
|
*uɸostrātous
|
*uɸostrātom
|
| dative
|
*uɸostrātai
|
*uɸostrātābom
|
*uɸostrātābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*uɸostrātābim
|
*uɸostrātābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*uɸostrātom
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātā
|
| vocative
|
*uɸostrātom
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātā
|
| accusative
|
*uɸostrātom
|
*uɸostrātou
|
*uɸostrātā
|
| genitive
|
*uɸostrātī
|
*uɸostrātous
|
*uɸostrātom
|
| dative
|
*uɸostrātūi
|
*uɸostrātobom
|
*uɸostrātobos
|
| instrumental
|
*uɸostrātū
|
*uɸostrātobim
|
*uɸostrātobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: fo·sern
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN