Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/atjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology 1

From Pre-Germanic *h₃odéyeti, causative of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ed- (“to hate”).^[1]

Verb

*atjaną^[1]

to incite

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*atjō	*atjaų	—	*atjai	?
2nd singular	*atisi	*atjais	*ati	*atjasai	*atjaisau
3rd singular	*atiþi	*atjai	*atjaþau	*atjaþai	*atjaiþau
1st dual	*atjōs	*atjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*atjaþiz	*atjaiþiz	*atjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*atjamaz	*atjaim	—	*atjanþai	*atjainþau
2nd plural	*atiþ	*atjaiþ	*atiþ	*atjanþai	*atjainþau
3rd plural	*atjanþi	*atjain	*atjanþau	*atjanþai	*atjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*atidǭ	*atidēdį̄
2nd singular	*atidēz	*atidēdīz
3rd singular	*atidē	*atidēdī
1st dual	*atidēdū	*atidēdīw
2nd dual	*atidēdudiz	*atidēdīdiz
1st plural	*atidēdum	*atidēdīm
2nd plural	*atidēdud	*atidēdīd
3rd plural	*atidēdun	*atidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*atjandz	*atidaz

Descendants

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anattjan
- Old Dutch: anetten
- Old High German: anazzen
- → Old French: anesser
⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *ūtattjan
- ⇒? Old Frisian: ūtetta
Old Norse: etja
- Icelandic: etja

Etymology 2

From *etaną +‎ *-janą (causative suffix). Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odéyeti; compare Sanskrit आदयति (ādáyati, “to feed”).^[2]

Verb

*atjaną^[2]

to cause/allow to eat, feed (an animal)
1. to pasture; graze
to cause to be eaten, feed (fodder)

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*atjō	*atjaų	—	*atjai	?
2nd singular	*atisi	*atjais	*ati	*atjasai	*atjaisau
3rd singular	*atiþi	*atjai	*atjaþau	*atjaþai	*atjaiþau
1st dual	*atjōs	*atjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*atjaþiz	*atjaiþiz	*atjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*atjamaz	*atjaim	—	*atjanþai	*atjainþau
2nd plural	*atiþ	*atjaiþ	*atiþ	*atjanþai	*atjainþau
3rd plural	*atjanþi	*atjain	*atjanþau	*atjanþai	*atjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*atidǭ	*atidēdį̄
2nd singular	*atidēz	*atidēdīz
3rd singular	*atidē	*atidēdī
1st dual	*atidēdū	*atidēdīw
2nd dual	*atidēdudiz	*atidēdīdiz
1st plural	*atidēdum	*atidēdīm
2nd plural	*atidēdud	*atidēdīd
3rd plural	*atidēdun	*atidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*atjandz	*atidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *attjan
- Old English: ettan
  - Middle English: etten, eten (merged with Old English etan)
- Old Frisian: etta
  - ⇒? West Frisian: ettjen, eattjen
- Old Saxon: *ettian
  - Middle Low German: etten
    - German Low German: etten
- Old Dutch: *etten
  - Middle Dutch: etten
    - Dutch: etten
- Old High German: *azzen, ezzen
  - Middle High German: atzen, etzen
    - Alemannic German: etze
    - Cimbrian: etzan
    - German: ätzen, etzen
      - → German Low German: ätzen
      - → Danish: ætse
      - → Finnish: etsata
      - → Dutch: etsen
        → English: etch
Old Norse: etja
- Faroese: etja
- Icelandic: etja
⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraatjan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*atjan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*atjan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[EDPG1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*atjan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[EDPG2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*atjan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[1]

[2]