Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/baitijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *bītaną (to bite) +‎ *-janą. The meaning to restrain most likely developed from making horses bite down on a piece of metal connected to the reins that were used to direct the animal.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈbɑi̯.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*baitijaną[1]

  1. to make bite
  2. to make graze
  3. to restrain, to rein in, to bridle

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *baitijō *baitijaų *baitijai ?
2nd singular *baitīsi *baitijais *baitī *baitijasai *baitijaisau
3rd singular *baitīþi *baitijai *baitijaþau *baitijaþai *baitijaiþau
1st dual *baitijōs *baitijaiw
2nd dual *baitijaþiz *baitijaiþiz *baitijaþiz
1st plural *baitijamaz *baitijaim *baitijanþai *baitijainþau
2nd plural *baitīþ *baitijaiþ *baitīþ *baitijanþai *baitijainþau
3rd plural *baitijanþi *baitijain *baitijanþau *baitijanþai *baitijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *baitidǭ *baitidēdį̄
2nd singular *baitidēz *baitidēdīz
3rd singular *baitidē *baitidēdī
1st dual *baitidēdū *baitidēdīw
2nd dual *baitidēdudiz *baitidēdīdiz
1st plural *baitidēdum *baitidēdīm
2nd plural *baitidēdud *baitidēdīd
3rd plural *baitidēdun *baitidēdīn
present past
participles *baitijandz *baitidaz

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *baitijan
    • Old English: bǣtan
    • Old Dutch: *bēten
    • Old Saxon: *bētian
      • Old Saxon: undbētian
      • Middle Low German: bêten
    • Old High German: beizen
    • ? Old French: beter
  • Old Norse: beita

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*baitjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 33