Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birhtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *berhtaz (“bright”) +‎ *-janą.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈbirx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*birhtijaną[1][2]

  1. to brighten, shine, make clear

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *birhtijō *birhtijaų — *birhtijai ?
2nd singular *birhtīsi *birhtijais *birhtī *birhtijasai *birhtijaisau
3rd singular *birhtīþi *birhtijai *birhtijaþau *birhtijaþai *birhtijaiþau
1st dual *birhtijōs *birhtijaiw — — —
2nd dual *birhtijaþiz *birhtijaiþiz *birhtijaþiz — —
1st plural *birhtijamaz *birhtijaim — *birhtijanþai *birhtijainþau
2nd plural *birhtīþ *birhtijaiþ *birhtīþ *birhtijanþai *birhtijainþau
3rd plural *birhtijanþi *birhtijain *birhtijanþau *birhtijanþai *birhtijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *birhtidǭ *birhtidēdį̄
2nd singular *birhtidēz *birhtidēdīz
3rd singular *birhtidē *birhtidēdī
1st dual *birhtidēdū *birhtidēdīw
2nd dual *birhtidēdudiz *birhtidēdīdiz
1st plural *birhtidēdum *birhtidēdīm
2nd plural *birhtidēdud *birhtidēdīd
3rd plural *birhtidēdun *birhtidēdīn
present past
participles *birhtijandz *birhtidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *birhtijan
    • Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
  • Old Norse: birta
    • Icelandic: birta
    • Faroese: birta
    • Norwegian: byrta
    • Old Danish: birta
    • Swedish: *birta (evidenced by a late derivation, birtan, attested in the 17th century)[3]
  • Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bairhtjan)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*berhtaz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 60-61: “*berhtjan-”
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*berxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 42
  3. ^ birtan in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
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