Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/drūgiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *drugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti, from *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdruː.ɣiz/

Adjective

*drūgiz

hard, solid
dry

Inflection

Declension of *drūgiz (i-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drūgiz	*drūgī	drūgį, -jatō	*drūgijai	*drūgijôz	*drūgijō
accusative	*drūgijanǭ	*drūgijǭ	drūgį, -jatō	*drūgijanz	*drūgijōz	*drūgijō
genitive	drūgijas, drūgīs	*drūgijaizōz	drūgijas, drūgīs	*drūgijaizǫ̂	*drūgijaizǫ̂	*drūgijaizǫ̂
dative	*drūgijammai	*drūgijaizōi	*drūgijammai	*drūgijaimaz	*drūgijaimaz	*drūgijaimaz
instrumental	*drūgijanō	*drūgijaizō	*drūgijanō	*drūgijaimiz	*drūgijaimiz	*drūgijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drūgijô	*drūgijǭ	*drūgijô	*drūgijaniz	*drūgijōniz	*drūgijōnō
accusative	*drūgijanų	*drūgijōnų	*drūgijô	*drūgijanunz	*drūgijōnunz	*drūgijōnō
genitive	*drūgīniz	*drūgijōniz	*drūgīniz	*drūgijanǫ̂	*drūgijōnǫ̂	*drūgijanǫ̂
dative	*drūgīni	*drūgijōni	*drūgīni	*drūgijammaz	*drūgijōmaz	*drūgijammaz
instrumental	*drūgīnē	*drūgijōnē	*drūgīnē	*drūgijammiz	*drūgijōmiz	*drūgijammiz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *drūgī
- Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *draugī)
  - Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
    - English: dry
    - Scots: dry, drey
- Old Frisian: *drūge, *drēge, *drūch;
  - North Frisian: drüg, driig
  - Saterland Frisian: druuch
- Old Saxon: *drūgi
  - Middle Low German: drûge, drüge
- Old Dutch: drūgi
  - Middle Dutch: druge, druuch
    - Dutch: druig
    - Limburgish: druug
- Old High German: *drūgi (northern, attested as drūgon (dat.pl.))
  - Middle High German: trǖge, drǖge
    - Central Franconian: drüch, dreich, drei
      - Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drukn)
    - East Central German: treiche
    - German: treuge (obsolete)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*draugja- ~ *drūgja- ~ *drukknu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*draugja- ~ *drūgja- ~ *drukknu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 100

[1]