Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flakkōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸlɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/

Etymology 1

From pre-Germanic *plh₂knéh₂-, an iterative formation to *flōkaną (“to slap, mourn”).

Verb

*flakkōną

to beat

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *flakk- against non-singular *flag-.

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*flakkō	*flakkǭ	—	*flakkōi	?
2nd singular	*flakkōsi	*flakkōs	*flakkō	*flakkōsai	*flakkōsau
3rd singular	*flakkōþi	*flakkō	*flakkōþau	*flakkōþai	*flakkōþau
1st dual	*flakkōs	*flakkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*flakkōþiz	*flakkōþiz	*flakkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*flakkōmaz	*flakkōm	—	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau
2nd plural	*flakkōþ	*flakkōþ	*flakkōþ	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau
3rd plural	*flakkōnþi	*flakkōn	*flakkōnþau	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*flakkōdǭ	*flakkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*flakkōdēz	*flakkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*flakkōdē	*flakkōdēdī
1st dual	*flakkōdēdū	*flakkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*flakkōdēdudiz	*flakkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*flakkōdēdum	*flakkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*flakkōdēdud	*flakkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*flakkōdēdun	*flakkōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*flakkōndz	*flakkōdaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn
- Old English: *flaccian
  - Middle English: flakken, flacken
    - English: flack
    - Scots: flack (obsolete)
- Old Dutch: *flakkon
  - Middle Dutch: vlacken (“to shoot, blaze, flicker”)
    - Dutch: vlakken

Etymology 2

Considered by Kroonen to be a secondary o-grade iterative formation to zero-grade *flukkōną (“to fly”), from *fleuganą (“to fly”).

Verb

*flakkōną

to flutter
Synonym: *flutrōną

Inflection

The original paradigm consisted of two stem variants, singular *flakk- against non-singular *flag-.

Conjugation of (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*flakkō	*flakkǭ	—	*flakkōi	?
2nd singular	*flakkōsi	*flakkōs	*flakkō	*flakkōsai	*flakkōsau
3rd singular	*flakkōþi	*flakkō	*flakkōþau	*flakkōþai	*flakkōþau
1st dual	*flakkōs	*flakkōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*flakkōþiz	*flakkōþiz	*flakkōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*flakkōmaz	*flakkōm	—	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau
2nd plural	*flakkōþ	*flakkōþ	*flakkōþ	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau
3rd plural	*flakkōnþi	*flakkōn	*flakkōnþau	*flakkōnþai	*flakkōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*flakkōdǭ	*flakkōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*flakkōdēz	*flakkōdēdīz
3rd singular	*flakkōdē	*flakkōdēdī
1st dual	*flakkōdēdū	*flakkōdēdīw
2nd dual	*flakkōdēdudiz	*flakkōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*flakkōdēdum	*flakkōdēdīm
2nd plural	*flakkōdēdud	*flakkōdēdīd
3rd plural	*flakkōdēdun	*flakkōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*flakkōndz	*flakkōdaz

Related terms

*flagǭ
*flakuraz
*flakurōną
*flakutjaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn
- ⇒ Old English: *flaccian (suffix replaced with *-ōjan)
  - Middle English: flakken, flacken, flaken, flaggen
- Middle Dutch: vlacken, vlaken
  - (Dutch: vlakkeren, (more common) flakkeren)
- (⇒ Old High German: flagarōn)
Old Norse:
- Norwegian: flaga

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN