Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frawurkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fra- +‎ *wurkijaną.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˌɸrɑ.ˈwur.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*frawurkijaną

  1. to work ill, do wrong; to sin

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1 j-present)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *frawurkijō *frawurkijaų *frawurkijai ?
2nd singular *frawurkīsi *frawurkijais *frawurkī *frawurkijasai *frawurkijaisau
3rd singular *frawurkīþi *frawurkijai *frawurkijaþau *frawurkijaþai *frawurkijaiþau
1st dual *frawurkijōs *frawurkijaiw
2nd dual *frawurkijaþiz *frawurkijaiþiz *frawurkijaþiz
1st plural *frawurkijamaz *frawurkijaim *frawurkijanþai *frawurkijainþau
2nd plural *frawurkīþ *frawurkijaiþ *frawurkīþ *frawurkijanþai *frawurkijainþau
3rd plural *frawurkijanþi *frawurkijain *frawurkijanþau *frawurkijanþai *frawurkijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *frawurhtǭ *frawurhtēdį̄
2nd singular *frawurhtēz *frawurhtēdīz
3rd singular *frawurhtē *frawurhtēdī
1st dual *frawurhtēdū *frawurhtēdīw
2nd dual *frawurhtēdudiz *frawurhtēdīdiz
1st plural *frawurhtēdum *frawurhtēdīm
2nd plural *frawurhtēdud *frawurhtēdīd
3rd plural *frawurhtēdun *frawurhtēdīn
present past
participles *frawurkijandz *frawurkidaz

Derived terms

  • *frawurhtiz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *frawurkijan
    • Old English: forwyrcan
      • Middle English: forwurchen
    • Old Saxon: farwirkian
    • Old High German: firwurken
  • Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawaurkjan)