Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frumô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fr- (“for, forward”) +‎ *-umô (“superlative”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”) (see *per-) + Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɸru.mɔːː/

Adjective

Proto-Germanic ordinal numbers
1 2  > 
    Cardinal : *ainaz
    Ordinal : *frumô
    Adverbial : *ainas
    Multiplier : *ainafalþaz

*frumô

  1. first
    Synonyms: *frumistaz, *furistaz

Inflection

Declension of *frumô (an/īn-stem)
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *frumô *frumį̄ *frumô *frumaniz *frumīniz *frumōnō
accusative *frumanų *frumīnų *frumô *frumanunz *frumīnunz *frumōnō
genitive *fruminiz *frumīniz *fruminiz *frumanǫ̂ *frumīnǫ̂ *frumanǫ̂
dative *frumini *frumīni *frumini *frumammaz *frumīmaz *frumammaz
instrumental *fruminē *frumīnē *fruminē *frumammiz *frumīmiz *frumammiz

Derived terms

Adjectival forms:

  • Proto-West Germanic:
  • Old Norse: *frum-
  • Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (fruma)

Noun forms:

  • Proto-West Germanic:
    • Old English: fruma (“beginning; prince; originator”)
      • Middle English: frume, frome (“origin, source”)
    • Old Frisian: froma (“use, benefit”)
    • Old Saxon: fruma (“use, benefit”)
      • Middle Low German: vrōme (“use, benefit”)
        • ⇒ Middle Low German: vrōme (“righteous”)
          • → Norwegian: from (“pious”)
          • → Old Swedish: fromber (“pious”)
            • Swedish: from (“pious”)
          • → Danish: from (“pious”)
    • Old Dutch: *fruma
      • Middle Dutch: vrome (“use, benefit”)
        • ⇒ Middle Dutch: vrome (“firm, upright”, adjective)
          • Dutch: vroom (“pious”)
    • Old High German: fruma (“use, benefit”)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fruman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
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