Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gōlijaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *gōlaz (“pleasing, charming”) + *-janą, which is the vṛddhi gerundive of *galaną (“to shout; to charm”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɣɔː.li.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *gōlijō | *gōlijaų | — | *gōlijai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *gōlīsi | *gōlijais | *gōlī | *gōlijasai | *gōlijaisau | |
| 3rd singular | *gōlīþi | *gōlijai | *gōlijaþau | *gōlijaþai | *gōlijaiþau | |
| 1st dual | *gōlijōs | *gōlijaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *gōlijaþiz | *gōlijaiþiz | *gōlijaþiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *gōlijamaz | *gōlijaim | — | *gōlijanþai | *gōlijainþau | |
| 2nd plural | *gōlīþ | *gōlijaiþ | *gōlīþ | *gōlijanþai | *gōlijainþau | |
| 3rd plural | *gōlijanþi | *gōlijain | *gōlijanþau | *gōlijanþai | *gōlijainþau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *gōlidǭ | *gōlidēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *gōlidēz | *gōlidēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *gōlidē | *gōlidēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *gōlidēdū | *gōlidēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *gōlidēdudiz | *gōlidēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *gōlidēdum | *gōlidēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *gōlidēdud | *gōlidēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gōlidēdun | *gōlidēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *gōlijandz | *gōlidaz | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *gōlijan
- >? Old Frisian: gēla (to persecute)
- Old High German: guolen
- Old Norse: gœla
- Icelandic: gæla
- Gothic: 𐌲𐍉𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gōljan)
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gōljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 185
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒōljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138/139