Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grimmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-nó-s or *gʰrem-wó-s, from *gʰrem-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrim.mɑz/

Adjective

*grimmaz^[1]^[2]^[3]

grim, grimly, fierce

Inflection

Declension of *grimmaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*grimmaz	*grimmō	*grimmą, -atō	*grimmai	*grimmôz	*grimmō
accusative	*grimmanǭ	*grimmǭ	*grimmą, -atō	*grimmanz	*grimmōz	*grimmō
genitive	*grimmas, -is	*grimmaizōz	*grimmas, -is	*grimmaizǫ̂	*grimmaizǫ̂	*grimmaizǫ̂
dative	*grimmammai	*grimmaizōi	*grimmammai	*grimmaimaz	*grimmaimaz	*grimmaimaz
instrumental	*grimmanō	*grimmaizō	*grimmanō	*grimmaimiz	*grimmaimiz	*grimmaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*grimmô	*grimmǭ	*grimmô	*grimmaniz	*grimmōniz	*grimmōnō
accusative	*grimmanų	*grimmōnų	*grimmô	*grimmanunz	*grimmōnunz	*grimmōnō
genitive	*grimminiz	*grimmōniz	*grimminiz	*grimmanǫ̂	*grimmōnǫ̂	*grimmanǫ̂
dative	*grimmini	*grimmōni	*grimmini	*grimmammaz	*grimmōmaz	*grimmammaz
instrumental	*grimminē	*grimmōnē	*grimminē	*grimmammiz	*grimmōmiz	*grimmammiz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grimm
- Old English: grimm, grim
  - Middle English: grim
    - English: grim
    - Scots: grim
- Old Frisian: grimm, grim
  - Saterland Frisian: grimm
  - West Frisian: grym
- Old Saxon: grim
  - Middle Low German: grim
    - German Low German: grimm
- Old Dutch: grim
  - Middle Dutch: grim
    - Dutch: grim
- Old High German: grim
  - Middle High German: grim, grimme
    - German: grimm (archaic)
Old Norse: grimmr
- Icelandic: grimmur
- Faroese: grimmur, grimur
- Norn: grimm
- Norwegian: grim
- Old Swedish: grimber, grumber, grymber
  - Swedish: grym
- Old Danish: grim
  - Danish: grim
- Elfdalian: grymm
- Gutnish: greimuar, greimugur
Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐍃 (*grimms)^[4]
- → Spanish: grima
- → Portuguese: grima
- → Galician: grima

References

^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*grimma-”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒremmaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141
^ Friedrich Kluge (1989) “grimm”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 278: “g. *gremma-”
^ Coromines, Joan (1961) “grima”, in Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana [Brief etymological dictionary of the Spanish language] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 304: “gót. *GRIMMS”

[1] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*grimma-”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒremmaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141

[3] Friedrich Kluge (1989) “grimm”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 278: “g. *gremma-”

[4] Coromines, Joan (1961) “grima”, in Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana [Brief etymological dictionary of the Spanish language] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 304: “gót. *GRIMMS”

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