Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gulþijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gulþą (“gold”) +‎ *-janą.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɣul.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gulþijaną[1]

  1. to gild, cover with gold

Inflection

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gulþijō *gulþijaų — *gulþijai ?
2nd singular *gulþīsi *gulþijais *gulþī *gulþijasai *gulþijaisau
3rd singular *gulþīþi *gulþijai *gulþijaþau *gulþijaþai *gulþijaiþau
1st dual *gulþijōs *gulþijaiw — — —
2nd dual *gulþijaþiz *gulþijaiþiz *gulþijaþiz — —
1st plural *gulþijamaz *gulþijaim — *gulþijanþai *gulþijainþau
2nd plural *gulþīþ *gulþijaiþ *gulþīþ *gulþijanþai *gulþijainþau
3rd plural *gulþijanþi *gulþijain *gulþijanþau *gulþijanþai *gulþijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gulþidǭ *gulþidēdį̄
2nd singular *gulþidēz *gulþidēdīz
3rd singular *gulþidē *gulþidēdī
1st dual *gulþidēdū *gulþidēdīw
2nd dual *gulþidēdudiz *gulþidēdīdiz
1st plural *gulþidēdum *gulþidēdīm
2nd plural *gulþidēdud *gulþidēdīd
3rd plural *gulþidēdun *gulþidēdīn
present past
participles *gulþijandz *gulþidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *gulþijan
    • Old English: *gyldan
      • Middle English: gulden, gilden
      • ⇒ Old English: begyldan, ofergyldan
    • Old Dutch: *gulden
    • Old High German: *gulden
      • ⇒ Old High German: ubargulden
  • Old Norse: gylla

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒulþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
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