Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hamjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, probably related to *hamô (“rod, shaft”).[1] Orel prefers to take the word as a verbal formation from *hammō (“shinbone; ham”), though this is semantically more tenuous than Kroonen's theory.[2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hamjaną[1][2]

  1. To press; pinch
  2. To obstruct; restrict; restrain; hinder; hamper
  3. To hem in; enclose

Conjugation

Conjugation of (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hamjō *hamjaų — *hamjai ?
2nd singular *hamisi *hamjais *hami *hamjasai *hamjaisau
3rd singular *hamiþi *hamjai *hamjaþau *hamjaþai *hamjaiþau
1st dual *hamjōs *hamjaiw — — —
2nd dual *hamjaþiz *hamjaiþiz *hamjaþiz — —
1st plural *hamjamaz *hamjaim — *hamjanþai *hamjainþau
2nd plural *hamiþ *hamjaiþ *hamiþ *hamjanþai *hamjainþau
3rd plural *hamjanþi *hamjain *hamjanþau *hamjanþai *hamjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hamidǭ *hamidēdį̄
2nd singular *hamidēz *hamidēdīz
3rd singular *hamidē *hamidēdī
1st dual *hamidēdū *hamidēdīw
2nd dual *hamidēdudiz *hamidēdīdiz
1st plural *hamidēdum *hamidēdīm
2nd plural *hamidēdud *hamidēdīd
3rd plural *hamidēdun *hamidēdīn
present past
participles *hamjandz *hamidaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hammjan
    • Old English: *hemman
      • Middle English: hemmen (alternatively derived from the noun)
    • Old Frisian: hemma
    • Old Saxon: *hemmian
    • Old Dutch: *hemmen (attested as chamian)
    • Old High German: *hemmen (in gihemmen)
  • Old Norse: hemja

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*haman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 206: “*hamjan-”
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xam(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
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